scholarly journals Annelids in Extreme Aquatic Environments: Diversity, Adaptations and Evolution

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Glasby ◽  
Christer Erséus ◽  
Patrick Martin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Simple Body ◽  
Nuchal Organs ◽  
Chemoautotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Subterranean Water

We review the variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral modifications that annelids have acquired to cope with environments either unsuitable for, or on the limits of, survival for most animals. We focus on polychaetes (excluding sipunculans and echiurans) and clitellates (oligochaetes and leeches) and source information mostly from the primary literature. We identified many modifications common to both polychaetes and clitellates, and others that are specific to one or the other group. For example, certain land-adapted polychaetes show reduction in nuchal organs, epidermal ciliation and receptor cells, and other coastal polychaetes use adhesive glands and glue-reinforced tubes to maintain position in surf zones, while oligochaetes, with their simple body plans, appear to be ‘pre-adapted’ to life underground. Modifications common to both groups include the ability to construct protective cocoons, make cryoprotective substances such as antifreeze and heat shock proteins, develop gills, transform their bodies into a home for symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria, metabolize contaminants, and display avoidance behaviors. Convergent evolution in both directions has enabled annelids to transition from salt water to freshwater, sea to land via beaches, freshwater to soil, and surface water to subterranean water. A superficially simple worm-like body and a mostly benthic/burrowing lifestyle has facilitated radiation into every conceivable environment, making annelids among the most common and diverse animal groups on the planet.

scholarly journals Clostridium botulinumin aquatic environments in Great Britain and Ireland

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Smith ◽  
R. A. Milligan ◽  
Caroline J. Moryson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Type B ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The North ◽  
Type C ◽  
Norfolk Broads ◽  
North And South

SummaryMud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined forClostridium botulinum. The samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mud-fiats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. Of 554 samples 194 (35·0%) were positive and 167 (30·1 %), 19 (3·4%), 6 (1·1%) and 15 (2·7%) contained types B, C, D and E respectively; 13 (2·3%) contained more than one type. Each type demonstrated was found in both fresh-and salt-water environments. Type B was widespread; types C, D and E were demonstrated in widely separated areas in England and Wales, and type C was found in both the north and south of Scotland. The results were compared with those reported earlier in respect of surveys in the London area, the Norfolk Broads and the Camargue (France).

scholarly journals Effects of dead conspecifics, hunger states, and seasons on the foraging behavior of the purple urchin Heliocidaris crassispina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Franco C. Belleza ◽  
Yuuki Kawabata ◽  
Tatsuki Toda ◽  
Gregory N. Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Time Lapse Photography

ABSTRACTTrophic cascades exerts a powerful effect between predator and prey relationships in an ecosystem. In aquatic environments, the signals associated with predators and predation are used by prey as a cue to avoid encountering predators when foraging for food. These cues are powerful enough to control prey populations and indirectly protect primary producers. We evaluated the effects of cues associated with predation on the purple urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina and examined effects of hunger state and season using time-lapse photography, we conducted a series of manipulative and in situ behavior experiments to determine foraging behavior patterns which demonstrate behavior modification. The results suggest that starved urchins were less sensitive to predation cues when compared to normally fed urchins. Field experiments indicated that 70% of fed urchins fled when exposed to a predation cue (presence of a dead urchin), whereas all starved urchins remained regardless of the cue, supporting the results from the laboratory using the dead urchin and algae treatment cues. Sea urchin activity and feeding rates were lower in winter-spring than in summer-autumn. We suggest that hunger state has a large influence over the behavioral-response of sea urchins, while also being affected by season due to metabolic control. In general, starvation overrides predator avoidance behaviors and exposes prey species to higher risks of predation.

scholarly journals Convergent evolution of olfactory and thermoregulatory capacities in small amphibious mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8958-8965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Martinez ◽  
Julien Clavel ◽  
Jacob A. Esselstyn ◽  
Anang S. Achmadi ◽  
Camille Grohé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
History Of

Olfaction and thermoregulation are key functions for mammals. The former is critical to feeding, mating, and predator avoidance behaviors, while the latter is essential for homeothermy. Aquatic and amphibious mammals face olfactory and thermoregulatory challenges not generally encountered by terrestrial species. In mammals, the nasal cavity houses a bony system supporting soft tissues and sensory organs implicated in either olfactory or thermoregulatory functions. It is hypothesized that to cope with aquatic environments, amphibious mammals have expanded their thermoregulatory capacity at the expense of their olfactory system. We investigated the evolutionary history of this potential trade-off using a comparative dataset of three-dimensional (3D) CT scans of 189 skulls, capturing 17 independent transitions from a strictly terrestrial to an amphibious lifestyle across small mammals (Afrosoricida, Eulipotyphla, and Rodentia). We identified rapid and repeated loss of olfactory capacities synchronously associated with gains in thermoregulatory capacity in amphibious taxa sampled from across mammalian phylogenetic diversity. Evolutionary models further reveal that these convergences result from faster rates of turbinal bone evolution and release of selective constraints on the thermoregulatory-olfaction trade-off in amphibious species. Lastly, we demonstrated that traits related to vital functions evolved faster to the optimum compared to traits that are not related to vital functions.

Incidence of Motile Aeromonas Species in Aquatic Environments of Rio De Janeiro; Brazil

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURO SIRIMACO NEVES ◽  
MARLY PAIVA NUNES ◽  
ILVAN DELGADO RICCIARDI
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Aeromonas Species ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Lysine Decarboxylase ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Esculin Hydrolysis ◽  
Polluted Waters ◽  
Janeiro City

Fresh and salt water samples collected in Rio de Janeiro city were analysed for the presence of motile Aeromonas species. Twenty-six out of 50 aliquots analysed (52%) were positive for Aeromonas. One hundred strains were isolated from both environments (A. caviae, 60%; A. veronii, 14%; A. hydrophila, 1%; A. sobria, 1%; and Aeromonas sp., 24%). Minimal tests such as oxidase, motility, sensitivity to the vibriostatic agent 2,4-diamino-6,7 - diisopropylpteridine, fermentation and gas from glucose, acetoin from glucose (Voges-Proskauer), lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and esculin hydrolysis were sufficient to classify the majority Aeromonas strains into species. No Aeromonas was found in nonpolluted waters but, in contrast, both fresh and salt polluted waters showed a high incidence of isolates. Most of the Aeromonas strains analysed produced hemolysin and/or heat-stable enterotoxin. The latter was produced by 73% of the A. veronii isolates.

A Hierarchy of Multinomial Models for Multidimensional Source Monitoring

Methodology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Model Comparisons ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
Hierarchical Relationship ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
Tree Models

Abstract. Several models have been proposed for the measurement of cognitive processes in source monitoring. They are specified within the statistical framework of multinomial processing tree models and differ in their assumptions on the storage and retrieval of multidimensional source information. In the present article, a hierarchical relationship is demonstrated between multinomial models for crossed source information ( Meiser & Bröder, 2002 ), for partial source memory ( Dodson, Holland, & Shimamura, 1998 ) and for several sources ( Batchelder, Hu, & Riefer, 1994 ). The hierarchical relationship allows model comparisons and facilitates the specification of identifiability conditions. Conditions for global identifiability are discussed, and model comparisons are illustrated by reanalyses and by a new experiment on the storage and retrieval of multidimensional source information.

Heat shock proteins in willow (Salix viminalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Tiina Vahala ◽  
Tage Eriksson ◽  
Peter Engstrom
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Salix Viminalis ◽  
Shock Proteins
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