scholarly journals On-Road Detection of Driver Fatigue and Drowsiness during Medium-Distance Journeys

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Luca Salvati ◽  
Matteo d’Amore ◽  
Anita Fiorentino ◽  
Arcangelo Pellegrino ◽  
Pasquale Sena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Experiment Data ◽  
Driver Fatigue ◽  
Pulse Rate Variability ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Experimental Findings

Background: The detection of driver fatigue as a cause of sleepiness is a key technology capable of preventing fatal accidents. This research uses a fatigue-related sleepiness detection algorithm based on the analysis of the pulse rate variability generated by the heartbeat and validates the proposed method by comparing it with an objective indicator of sleepiness (PERCLOS). Methods: changes in alert conditions affect the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and therefore heart rate variability (HRV), modulated in the form of a wave and monitored to detect long-term changes in the driver’s condition using real-time control. Results: the performance of the algorithm was evaluated through an experiment carried out in a road vehicle. In this experiment, data was recorded by three participants during different driving sessions and their conditions of fatigue and sleepiness were documented on both a subjective and objective basis. The validation of the results through PERCLOS showed a 63% adherence to the experimental findings. Conclusions: the present study confirms the possibility of continuously monitoring the driver’s status through the detection of the activation/deactivation states of the ANS based on HRV. The proposed method can help prevent accidents caused by drowsiness while driving.

Linearized J2 and Atmospheric Drag Model for Control of Inner-Formation Satellite System in Elliptical Orbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Cao ◽  
Hengnian Li
Keyword(s):  
Formation Control ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Atmospheric Drag ◽  
Error Feedback ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Special Configuration ◽  
Drag Model ◽  
Time Control

A new set of linearized differential equations governing relative motion of inner-formation satellite system (IFSS) is derived with the effects of J2 as well as atmospheric drag. The IFSS consists of the “inner satellite” and the “outer satellite,” this special configuration formation endows its some advantages to map the gravity field of earth. For long-term IFSS in elliptical orbit, the high-fidelity set of linearized equations is more convenient than the nonlinear equations for designing formation control system or navigation algorithms. In addition, to avoid the collision between the inner satellite and the outer satellite, the minimum sliding mode error feedback control (MSMEFC) is adopted to perform a real-time control on the outer satellite in the presence of uncertain perturbations from the system and space. The robustness and steady-state error of MSMEFC are also discussed to show its theoretical advantages than traditional sliding mode control (SMC). Finally, numerical simulations are performed to check the fidelity of the proposed equations. Moreover, the efficacy of the MSMEFC is performed to control the IFSS with high precision.

Flow control with active dimples

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (1125) ◽  
pp. 705-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dearing ◽  
S. Lambert ◽  
J. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Vortex Generators ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Capacitance Change ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
Smart Skin

Abstract The long-term goal is to design and manufacture optimal ‘on-demand’ vortex generators, ‘dimples’ that can produce vortices of prescribed strength and duration for the real-time control of aerodynamic flows that are either undergoing transition or are fully turbulent, attached or separating. Electro-active polymers (EAP) are ideal for a dimple control surface, offering high strain rate, fast response, and high electromechanical efficiency. EAP can also be used as the basis of a resistanc – or capacitance – change pressure sensor, development of which has just begun. In terms of manufacture, inkjet printing of EAP also offers a paradigm shift such that a monolithic control surface is a very real possibility. Important features for integration into a control system are robustness and a predictable, repeatable motion. With these objectives in mind, the suitability of EAP-based actuators is assessed both mechanically and aerodynamically. The ultimate goal is to integrate these devices, along with shear-stress and pressure sensors and distributed control, also under development, into a flexible ‘smart skin’ which could be incorporated into an airframe structure. The response of a laminar boundary layer to forcing is investiagted using mechanical dimples.

scholarly journals Simulation and assessment of long-term stormwater basin performance under real-time control retrofits

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-480
Author(s):  
Zoë K. Schmitt ◽  
Clayton C. Hodges ◽  
Randel L. Dymond
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control

Turbidity Informed Real-Time Control of a Dry Extended Detention Basin: A Case Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Akin ◽  
Jon Hathaway ◽  
Anahita Khojandi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Detention Basin ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Detention Basins ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

Dry extended detention basins are static stormwater infrastructure, unable to adapt to shifts in water quality caused by urbanization in their source watersheds or long-term changes in rainfall patterns. As...

Optical And Mass Spectrometric Diagnostic Methods For Plasma Etching

1995 ◽  
Vol 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Source Region ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Plasma Source ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control

AbstractOptical emission and line-of-sight mass spectrometry were used to monitor Cl, Cl2 and SiClx reaction products during etching of Si(100) in a high density (1–2 × 1011 ions/cm3) chlorine plasma. Emission from atomic Cl, and from ion-pair states of C12 at 7.2 – 9.4 eV were monitored, along with emission from a small amount of Xe that was added to the gas to sense changes in the electron energy distribution (i.e. actinometry). In this manner, the normalized emissions provide a measure of relative number densities of C12 and Cl. These measurements were converted into absolute numbers by extending the measurements to extremely low powers, where C12 and Xe number densities are known. These results are compared with those recorded with a differentially pumped, line-of-sight mass spectrometer. At power densities of ˜0.5 W/cm3, the discharge is almost completely dissociated in the plasma source region (˜90%), while above the wafer and downstream of the plasma, the percent consumption of Cl2 drops to 75%. A long term upward drift in the percent dissociation in the source was observed, attributable to a time-dependent decrease in the rate of Cl-atom recombination on the glass walls. These results are compared with recent model predictions and are also discussed in terms of their significance for surface etching reactions, and real-time control.

scholarly journals sEMG-Based Motion Recognition of Upper Limb Rehabilitation Using the Improved Yolo-v4 Algorithm

Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Dongdong Bu ◽  
Shuxiang Guo ◽  
He Li
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Semg Signal ◽  
Motion Recognition ◽  
Upper Limb Rehabilitation ◽  
Upper Limb Exoskeleton ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Exoskeleton Robot

The surface electromyography (sEMG) signal is widely used as a control source of the upper limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot. However, the traditional way of controlling the exoskeleton robot by the sEMG signal requires one to specially extract and calculate for complex sEMG features. Moreover, due to the huge amount of calculation and individualized difference, the real-time control of the exoskeleton robot cannot be realized. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method using an improved detection algorithm to recognize limb joint motion and detect joint angle based on sEMG images, aiming to obtain a high-security and fast-processing action recognition strategy. In this paper, MobileNetV2 combined the Ghost module as the feature extraction network to obtain the pretraining model. Then, the target detection network Yolo-V4 was used to estimate the six movement categories of the upper limb joints and to predict the joint movement angles. The experimental results showed that the proposed motion recognition methods were available. Every 100 pictures can be accurately identified in approximately 78 pictures, and the processing speed of every single picture on the PC side was 17.97 ms. For the train data, the [email protected] could reach 82.3%, and [email protected]–0.95 could reach 0.42; for the verification data, the average recognition accuracy could reach 80.7%.

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