scholarly journals Power Theory of Exchange and Money

Economies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Stefanov
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Utility ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Abstract Exchange ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Power Theory ◽  
Single Exchange ◽  
Objective Basis

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchanges. This paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the Walras–Jevons marginal utility equation. Objective equilibrium equations by Walras and Jevons are averaged over all transactions in the market and can only give a rough general picture without explaining the specific price of an individual exchange. An exchange micro-condition must be found that, when averaged, will give the Walras market equilibrium macro-condition. The study of the internal structure of exchange leads to the need to consider power. The concept of generalized power is introduced. It is generalized power that serves as the primary comparable and measurable objective basis of exchange. The power theory of exchange provides the objective price-equation. It is demonstrated that money is a measure of generalized power in exchange and a certification of generalized power in subsequent exchanges. This methodology is based on an interdisciplinary analysis of an abstract exchange model in the form of a system of equations. The proposed theory is able to uniformly explain any exchange, including a single one, which is impossible with the existing theories of exchange.

scholarly journals Power Theory of Exchange and Money

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Stefanov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Marginal Utility ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Power Theory ◽  
Large Market ◽  
Single Exchange ◽  
Objective Basis

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchange. The paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the Walras-Jevons marginal utility equation. Objective equilibrium equations by Walras and Jevons are averaged over all transactions in the market and can only give a rough general picture without explaining the specific price of an individual exchange. An exchange micro-condition must be found that, when averaged, will give the Walras market equilibrium macro-condition. The study of the internal structure of exchange leads to the need to consider power. The concept of generalized power is introduced. It is generalized power that serves as the primary comparable and measurable objective basis of exchange. The power theory of exchange provides the objective price-equation. It is demonstrated that money is a measure of generalized power in exchange and a certification of generalized power in subsequent exchanges. The proposed theory is able to uniformly explain any exchange, including a single one, which is impossible with the existing theories of exchange.

scholarly journals Power Theory of Exchange and Money

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Stefanov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Marginal Utility ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Price Equation ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Power Theory ◽  
Large Market ◽  
Single Exchange ◽  
Objective Basis

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchange. The paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the Walras-Jevons marginal utility equation. Objective equilibrium equations by Walras and Jevons are averaged over all transactions in the market and can only give a rough general picture without explaining the specific price of an individual exchange. An exchange micro-condition must be found that, when averaged, will give the Walras market equilibrium macro-condition. The study of the internal structure of exchange leads to the need to consider power. The concept of generalized power is introduced. It is generalized power that serves as the primary comparable and measurable objective basis of exchange. The power theory of exchange provides the objective price-equation. It is demonstrated that money is a measure of generalized power in exchange and a certification of generalized power in subsequent exchanges. The proposed theory is able to uniformly explain any exchange, including a single one, which is impossible with the existing theories of exchange.

Equilibrium Models of Cities: 1. An Axiomatic Theory

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Amson
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of State ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Single Species ◽  
State Equation ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Axiomatic Theory ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Equilibrium Configurations ◽  
Density Relation ◽  
The Individual

A study is undertaken of the concept of a city as an ‘urban gravitational plasma’ consisting of one or more species of civic matter (populations, activity rates, and so on) interacting on themselves and each other, and, at the same time, responding to relocation coercions induced by satisfaction potentials of various kinds (housing rentals, amenity levels, and so on). The latter are assumed to be coupled to the territorial densities of the individual species of civic matter through equations of state, for which the housing rental-population density relation in market equilibrium theory is a prototype. The study is divided into four parts. The first part (presented here) approaches the problem from a formal axiomatic viewpoint, and the axioms and definitions are discussed in relation to the real urban situations from which they are abstracted. The notion of equilibrium configurations for a city is introduced, and the general equilibrium equations necessary for their existence are developed. Three particular illustrations of these equations are offered: that of a single species city, and of a two species city—both with an ideal (polytropic) state equation—and that of a single species city with an imperfect (van der Waals) state equation. These illustrations will be examined in detail in the subsequent three parts of this study.

scholarly journals Метод точного расчёта длины цилиндрической оболочки

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Karpachev
Keyword(s):  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Thin Shells ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Linear Algebraic System ◽  
Shells Of Revolution ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Eighth Order ◽  
Bodies Of Revolution ◽  
Axisymmetric Bodies ◽  
Additional Assumptions

Как известно, для решения конкретных задач расчета прочности и устойчивости оболочек вращения используется теория расчетов осесимметричных тел вращения произвольной формы, основанная на гипотезах Кирхгофа и предположениях об однородности и изотропности материалов изготовления. В общей теории тонких оболочек данная задача сводится к решению системы уравнений равновесия в частных производных восьмого порядка. Для цилиндрических оболочек ввиду принятых допущений система уравнений равновесия в перемещениях преобразуется в линейную алгебраическую систему. Из данной системы на основе дополнительных допущений получают простое уравнение, из которого и определяется величина критического давления устойчивости по заданной длине оболочки. Однако из основной системы уравнений возможно решение обратной задачи: по заданной величине критического давления определять точное значение длины цилиндрической оболочки. При этом задача имеет точное решение без каких либо дополнительных допущений и упрощений системы уравнений.As is known, to solve specific problems of calculating the strength and stability of shells of revolution, the theory of calculations of axisymmetric bodies of revolution of arbitrary shape is used, based on Kirchhoff hypotheses and assumptions about the homogeneity and isotropy of manufacturing materials. In the general theory of thin shells, this problem reduces to solving a system of eighth-order partial differential equilibrium equations. For cylindrical shells, in view of the accepted assumptions, the system of equations of equilibrium in displacements is transformed into a linear algebraic system. From this system, on the basis of additional assumptions, a simple equation is obtained, from which the critical pressure of stability for a given shell length is determined. However, it is possible to solve the inverse problem from the main system of equations: determine the exact value of the length of a cylindrical shell for a given critical pressure. Moreover, the problem has an exact solution without any additional assumptions and simplifications of the system of equations.

scholarly journals A Method of Calculating Principal Stress Trajectories in Powder and Porous Materials Obeying a Piece-wise Linear Yield Criterion

2018 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Sergei Alexandrov ◽  
Elena Lyamina ◽  
Prashant Date
Keyword(s):  
Principal Stress ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Cartesian Coordinates ◽  
Stress Equilibrium ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Stress Directions ◽  
Characteristic Coordinates ◽  
Principal Lines

The present paper deals with the system of equations comprising the pyramid yield criterion together with the stress equilibrium equations under plane strain conditions. The stress equilibrium equations are written relative to a coordinate system in which the coordinate curves coincide with the trajectories of the principal stress directions. The general solution of the system is found giving a relation connecting the two scale factors for the coordinate curves. This relation is used for developing a method for finding the mapping between the principal lines and Cartesian coordinates with the use of a solution of a hyperbolic system of equations. In particular, the mapping between the principal lines and Cartesian coordinates is given in parametric form with the characteristic coordinates as parameters.

scholarly journals Analysis of Tensegrity Structures with Redundancies, by Implementing a Comprehensive Equilibrium Equations Method with Force Densities

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Miltiades Elliotis ◽  
Petros Christou ◽  
Antonis Michael
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Method ◽  
Force Density ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Dynamic Relaxation ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Tensegrity Structures ◽  
Linear System Of Equations ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
Dynamic Relaxation Method ◽  
2D And 3D

A general approach is presented to analyze tensegrity structures by examining their equilibrium. It belongs to the class of equilibrium equations methods with force densities. The redundancies are treated by employing Castigliano’s second theorem, which gives the additional required equations. The partial derivatives, which appear in the additional equations, are numerically replaced by statically acceptable internal forces which are applied on the structure. For both statically determinate and indeterminate tensegrity structures, the properties of the resulting linear system of equations give an indication about structural stability. This method requires a relatively small number of computations, it is direct (there is no iteration procedure and calculation of auxiliary parameters) and is characterized by its simplicity. It is tested on both 2D and 3D tensegrity structures. Results obtained with the method compare favorably with those obtained by the Dynamic Relaxation Method or the Adaptive Force Density Method.

Computation of the Pressure Distribution in Hydrodynamic Bearings Using Newton’s Method

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Johansson and ◽  
Ha˚kan Wettergren
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Newton Method ◽  
Newton’S Method ◽  
Newton's Method ◽  
Reynolds Equation ◽  
Usual Sense ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Hydrodynamic Bearings

In this paper an algorithm is developed where Reynolds’ equation, equilibrium equations and non-negativity of pressure are formulated as a system of equations, which are not differentiable in the usual sense. This system is then solved using Pang’s Newton method for B-differentiable equations.

scholarly journals A New Method of Calculating the State of Stress in Granular Materials under Plane Strain Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Sergei E Alexandrov ◽  
Elena A Lyamina
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Equation ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Yield Condition ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Plasticity Theory ◽  
Average Stress ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Coordinate Method

The system of equations comprising the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition and the stress equilibrium equations may be studied independently of the flow law. This system of equations is hyperbolic. Accordingly, to solve the aforementioned system of equations, it is reasonable to apply the method of characteristics. In the special case of plasticity theory for materials whose yield criterion does not depend on the average stress, two methods are used to construct an orthogonal net of characteristics and to determine the stress field: the R-S method and Mikhlin’s coordinate method. In the case of the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition, the angle between the characteristic directions depends on the internal friction angle. Therefore, the above-mentioned methods should be generalised in accordance with this property of characteristics. Purpose. In the case of Plasticity theory for materials whose yield strength does not depend on the average stress, to calculate the stress filed, Mikhlin’s coordinate method is widely used. The purpose of this study is to generalise this method for the equation system consisting of the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the pressure equilibrium equations. Methods. The geometrical properties of the characteristics of the equations’ system consisting of the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition and the equilibrium equations are used to introduce the generalised Mikhlin coordinates. Results. It’s been pointed out that solving equation system consisting of the MohrCoulomb yield condition and equilibrium equation comes to solving equation of telegraphy and to subsequent integration. Practical Significance. The developed method of system of equations’ solution, consisting of the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition and equilibrium equation enables obtaining high precision solutions at insignificant computer time expenditures.

Quick Reference: Chapter 1: The Musculoskeletal System: The Hand and Upper Extremity

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Persistent Pain ◽  
Illness Behavior ◽  
Abnormal Illness Behavior ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Dorsal Column Stimulation ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Abstract Spinal cord (dorsal column) stimulation (SCS) and intraspinal opioids (ISO) are treatments for patients in whom abnormal illness behavior is absent but who have an objective basis for severe, persistent pain that has not been adequately relieved by other interventions. Usually, physicians prescribe these treatments in cancer pain or noncancer-related neuropathic pain settings. A survey of academic centers showed that 87% of responding centers use SCS and 84% use ISO. These treatments are performed frequently in nonacademic settings, so evaluators likely will encounter patients who were treated with SCS and ISO. Does SCS or ISO change the impairment associated with the underlying conditions for which these treatments are performed? Although the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) does not specifically address this question, the answer follows directly from the principles on which the AMA Guides impairment rating methodology is based. Specifically, “the impairment percents shown in the chapters that consider the various organ systems make allowance for the pain that may accompany the impairing condition.” Thus, impairment is neither increased due to persistent pain nor is it decreased in the absence of pain. In summary, in the absence of complications, the evaluator should rate the underlying pathology or injury without making an adjustment in the impairment for SCS or ISO.

Vascular trauma of the hand – a systematic review

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Wahl ◽  
Ingmar Kaden ◽  
Andreas Köhler ◽  
Tobias Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Vascular Trauma ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Critical Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Provocation Tests ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Allen Test

Abstract. Hypothenar or thenar hammer syndrome (HHS) and hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) are diseases caused by acute or chronic trauma to the upper extremities. Since both diseases are generally related to occupation and are recognised as occupational diseases in most countries, vascular physicians need to be able to distinguish between the two entities and differentiate them from other diagnoses. A total of 867 articles were identified as part of an Internet search on PubMed and in non-listed occupational journals. For the analysis we included 119 entries on HHS as well as 101 papers on HAVS. A professional history and a job analysis were key components when surveying the patient’s medical history. The Doppler-Allen test, duplex sonography and optical acral pulse oscillometry were suitable for finding an objective basis for the clinical tests. In the case of HHS, digital subtraction angiography was used to confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment. Radiological tomographic techniques provided very limited information distal to the wrist. The vascular component of HAVS proved to be strongly dependent on temperature and had to be differentiated from the various other causes of secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. The disease was medicated with anticoagulants and vasoactive substances. If these were not effective, a bypass was performed in addition to various endovascular interventions, especially in the case of HHS. Despite the relatively large number of people exposed, trauma-induced circulatory disorders of the hands can be observed in a comparatively small number of cases. For the diagnosis of HHS, the morphological detection of vascular lesions through imaging is essential since the disorder can be accompanied by critical limb ischaemia, which may require bypass surgery. In the case of HAVS, vascular and sensoneurological pathologies must be objectified through provocation tests. The main therapeutic approach to HAVS is preventing exposure.

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