scholarly journals Survey of IoT for Developing Countries: Performance Analysis of LoRaWAN and Cellular NB-IoT Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2224
Author(s):  
Stephen Ugwuanyi ◽  
Greig Paul ◽  
James Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Industrial Iot ◽  
New Research

Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments have shown their potential for aiding the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Concerns regarding how the IoT can specifically drive SDGs 6, 11 and 9 in developing countries have been raised with respect to the challenges of deploying licensed and unlicensed low-power wide area network (LPWAN) IoT technologies and their opportunities for IoT consumers and service providers. With IoT infrastructure and protocols being ubiquitous and each being proposed for different SDGs, we review and compare the various performance characteristics of LoRaWAN and NB-IoT networks. From the performance analysis of our networks, NB-IoT, one of the standardised promising cellular IoT solutions for developing countries, is more expensive and less energy-efficient than LoRaWAN. Utilising the same user equipment (UE), NB-IoT consumed an excess of 2 mAh of power for joining the network and 1.7 mAh more for a 44-byte uplink message compared to LoRaWAN. However, NB-IoT has the advantage of reliably and securely delivering higher network connection capacity in IoT use cases, leveraging existing cellular infrastructure. With a maximum throughput of 264 bps at 837 ms measured latency, NB-IoT outperformed LoRaWAN and proved robust for machine-type communications. These findings will help IoT consumers and service providers understand the performance differences and deployment challenges of NB-IoT and LoRaWAN and establish new research directions to tackle IoT issues in developing countries. With Nigeria as a case study, for consumers and organisations at a crossroads in their long-term deployment decisions, the proposed LPWAN integrated architecture is an example of the deployment opportunities for consumer and industrial IoT applications in developing countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

A Nueral Network-Based Mobile Architecture for Mobile Agents

2011 ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
A. Kuppuswami
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Agents ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Research Level

Wide area network (WAN) offers advantages like providing myriad services available on globally diversified computers with reasonably simple process. The ability to dynamically create networks offers the processing powers of various processors at our command. With the advent of protocols like SOAP and Web services, the consumption of services are more organized. In spite of various advances in communication techniques, the consumption of services through mobile gadgets is still only at the research level. The major impedances in implementing such systems on a mobile network are the latency factor, abrupt disconnection in service, lower bandwidth and minimal processing power. The mobile agent’s paradigm proves to be an effective solution to various issues raised. It has received serious attention in the last decade and several systems based on this paradigm have been proposed and built. All such systems have been designed for a static network, where the service providers and the requestors are connected to the server on a permanent basis. This chapter presents a new framework of managing the mobile environment and the participating nodes with active intelligent migration. The functioning of the mobile agents in such a scenario is also presented.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Spreading Factor Selection Scheme for a Single Channel LoRa Modem

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungku Kim ◽  
Heonkook Lee ◽  
Sungho Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Data Rates

When the low power wide area network (LPWAN) was developed for the internet of things (IoT), it attracted significant attention. LoRa, which is one of the LPWAN technologies, provides low-power and long-range wireless communication using a frequency band under 1 GHz. A long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) provides a simple star topology network that is not scalable; it supports multi-data rates by adjusting the spreading factor, code rate, and bandwidth. This paper proposes an adaptive spreading factor selection scheme for corresponding spreading factors (SFs) between a transmitter and receiver. The scheme enables the maximum throughput and minimum network cost, using cheap single channel LoRa modules. It provides iterative SF inspection and an SF selection algorithm that allows each link to communicate at independent data rates. We implemented a multi-hop LoRa network and evaluated the performance of experiments in various network topologies. The adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme showed outstanding end-to-end throughput, peaking at three times the performance of standalone modems. We expect the ASFS scheme will be a suitable technology for applications requiring high throughput on a multi-hop network.

scholarly journals Voice over IP using sip server: Wide area network performance analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3S) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
M.N. Ismail ◽  
M.A. Shukran ◽  
K. Maskat ◽  
M.R.M. Isa ◽  
S. Ishak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Sip Server ◽  
Network Performance Analysis

Performance Analysis of WiFi Hotspot Network in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
E. O. Nonum ◽  
P. O. Otasowie
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Knowledge Culture ◽  
Data Throughput ◽  
Qos Performance

This work centres on the study of campus wifi hotspot networks in Nigeria universities, using the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka as a case study. A Campus Wide Area Network (CWN) provides a means of communication and collaboration in data intensive environments. These are vital key factors to building a strong knowledge culture and facilitating collaborative research for any educational institution. Network stumbler (Wifi Network Analyzer) and Iperf were installed on different laptop computers in the respective Access Points (AP) while being monitored from a dedicated server running on Mikrotik and wireshark. This was used in collecting useful data needed for the characterisation of the UNIZIK wifi hotspot network in terms of Received signal strength index (RSSI), Data throughput and latency/network delay. The AP distance from user is carefully measured with a meter tape. Performance analysis carried out on this university wifi hotspots shows that the network offers a delay of 0.1545s by default that increases by a factor of 0.001s; a data throughput of 37.30Mbps that decreases by a factor of 0.25Mbps for any user added to the network. Also, that an RSSI of -35.438dBm was obtained at the AP base station which decreases by a factor of 0.4925dBm for any 1m distance away from the APand finally that a traditional hotspot networks based on IEEE 802.11 series lacks integrated intelligence for services convergence, QoS performance and in most cases suffers from interoperability problem

Performance analysis of fiber optical wide area network using SDM/WDM router

Optik ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (14) ◽  
pp. 1700-1704
Author(s):  
Lan-Chih Yang ◽  
Chien-Chang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Fiber Optical

A Neural Network-Based Mobile Architecture for Mobile Agents

2009 ◽  
pp. 618-629
Author(s):  
Anand Kuppuswami
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Agents ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Research Level

Wide area network (WAN) offers advantages like providing myriad services available on globally diversified computers with reasonably simple process. The ability to dynamically create networks offers the processing powers of various processors at our command. With the advent of protocols like SOAP and Web services, the consumption of services are more organized. In spite of various advances in communication techniques, the consumption of services through mobile gadgets is still only at the research level. The major impedances in implementing such systems on a mobile network are the latency factor, abrupt disconnection in service, lower bandwidth and minimal processing power. The mobile agent’s paradigm proves to be an effective solution to various issues raised. It has received serious attention in the last decade and several systems based on this paradigm have been proposed and built. All such systems have been designed for a static network, where the service providers and the requestors are connected to the server on a permanent basis. This chapter presents a new framework of managing the mobile environment and the participating nodes with active intelligent migration. The functioning of the mobile agents in such a scenario is also presented.

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