scholarly journals Comparison of LPWAN Technologies: Cost Structure and Scalability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Istiak Hossain ◽  
Jan I. Markendahl
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSmall-scale commercial rollouts of Cellular-IoT (C-IoT) networks have started globally since last year. However, among the plethora of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, the cost-effectiveness of C-IoT is not certain for IoT service providers, small and greenfield operators. Today, there is no known public framework for the feasibility analysis of IoT communication technologies. Hence, this paper first presents a generic framework to assess the cost structure of cellular and non-cellular LPWAN technologies. Then, we applied the framework in eight deployment scenarios to analyze the prospect of LPWAN technologies like Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, LTE-M, and EC-GSM. We consider the inter-technology interference impact on LoRaWAN and Sigfox scalability. Our results validate that a large rollout with a single technology is not cost-efficient. Also, our analysis suggests the rollout possibility of an IoT communication Technology may not be linear to cost-efficiency.

Design and Implementation of a Wide Area Network

2011 ◽  
pp. 395-409
Author(s):  
Rohit Rampal
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Cost

This case deals with the experience of a school district in the design and implementation of a wide area network. The problems faced by the school district that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the school district. Finally the benefits accruing to the school district are identified, and the cost of the overall system is determined.

A Nueral Network-Based Mobile Architecture for Mobile Agents

2011 ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
A. Kuppuswami
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Agents ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Research Level

Wide area network (WAN) offers advantages like providing myriad services available on globally diversified computers with reasonably simple process. The ability to dynamically create networks offers the processing powers of various processors at our command. With the advent of protocols like SOAP and Web services, the consumption of services are more organized. In spite of various advances in communication techniques, the consumption of services through mobile gadgets is still only at the research level. The major impedances in implementing such systems on a mobile network are the latency factor, abrupt disconnection in service, lower bandwidth and minimal processing power. The mobile agent’s paradigm proves to be an effective solution to various issues raised. It has received serious attention in the last decade and several systems based on this paradigm have been proposed and built. All such systems have been designed for a static network, where the service providers and the requestors are connected to the server on a permanent basis. This chapter presents a new framework of managing the mobile environment and the participating nodes with active intelligent migration. The functioning of the mobile agents in such a scenario is also presented.

Design and Implementation of a Wide Area Network

2011 ◽  
pp. 427-439
Author(s):  
Rohit Rampal
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Cost

This case deals with the experience of a school district in the design and implementation of a wide area network. The problems faced by the school district that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the school district. Finally the benefits accruing to the school district are identified, and the cost of the overall system is determined.

Use of Mobile Telephones among Small-Scale Goods and Service Providers in Shillong, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-645
Author(s):  
Devomitra Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Urban Place ◽  
Perishable Items ◽  
Mobile Telephones ◽  
Business Opportunities

The study, carried out in Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, was selected as a case study of the use of mobile telephones among small-scale goods and service providers in a relatively slowly moving urban place like Shillong. The study attempts to observe different sectors of traders and goods and service providers of perishable and non-perishable items using mobile telephones. The attempt is to see if the mobile device has evolved as a grand tool to overcome various obstacles in the expansion and extension of livelihood and business opportunities, and understand the how changes in communication technology have an enabling influence in people’s business lives—as a resource for increasing clientele, improving sales, and connecting to new markets, buyers and vendors. Differences are greatly found to lie in the type of goods and service provider, types of clientele being targeted (local versus international) and scale of operations.

scholarly journals Railway Wireless Communications Channel Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Nerea Fernández-Berrueta ◽  
Jon Goya ◽  
Jaione Arrizabalaga ◽  
Iker Moya ◽  
Jaizki Mendizabal
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Train Control ◽  
The Cost

Railway applications are in continuous evolution with the aim of offering a more efficient, sustainable, and safer transportation system for the users. Generally, these applications are constantly exchanging information between the systems onboard the train and the trackside through a wireless communication. Nowadays, Global System for Mobile communications-Railway (GSM-R) is the technology used by European Train Control System (ETCS), but it is becoming obsolete. Therefore, alternatives for this technology have to be found for the different railway applications. Its natural evolution is to move forward with the latest technology deployed: Long-Term Evolution (LTE), which the Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) have already deployed. Therefore, testing the performance of this communication technology in the railway environment could be useful to assess its suitability and reduce the cost of railway network dedicated deployment. In order to do that, a methodology to characterize the communication environment is proposed. The main goal is to measure geolocated impairments of any communication channel in a railway environment being able to determine its behavior of the different communication technologies and find out possible coverage issues. Moreover, it could help in the selection of suitable communication technology for railway. This paper presents a brief description of the communication for railways and its QoS parameters for performance measuring. Afterward, the testing methodology is described, and then, the communication channel measurement campaign on a real track in Spain where the railway environment is variable is presented (tunnels, rural/urban area…). Finally, the measurements and results on this real track in Spain are shown. The results provide suitability of the 4G technologies based on the delay requirements for the implementation of ETCS over it.

scholarly journals Survey of IoT for Developing Countries: Performance Analysis of LoRaWAN and Cellular NB-IoT Networks

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 2224
Author(s):  
Stephen Ugwuanyi ◽  
Greig Paul ◽  
James Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Industrial Iot ◽  
New Research

Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments have shown their potential for aiding the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Concerns regarding how the IoT can specifically drive SDGs 6, 11 and 9 in developing countries have been raised with respect to the challenges of deploying licensed and unlicensed low-power wide area network (LPWAN) IoT technologies and their opportunities for IoT consumers and service providers. With IoT infrastructure and protocols being ubiquitous and each being proposed for different SDGs, we review and compare the various performance characteristics of LoRaWAN and NB-IoT networks. From the performance analysis of our networks, NB-IoT, one of the standardised promising cellular IoT solutions for developing countries, is more expensive and less energy-efficient than LoRaWAN. Utilising the same user equipment (UE), NB-IoT consumed an excess of 2 mAh of power for joining the network and 1.7 mAh more for a 44-byte uplink message compared to LoRaWAN. However, NB-IoT has the advantage of reliably and securely delivering higher network connection capacity in IoT use cases, leveraging existing cellular infrastructure. With a maximum throughput of 264 bps at 837 ms measured latency, NB-IoT outperformed LoRaWAN and proved robust for machine-type communications. These findings will help IoT consumers and service providers understand the performance differences and deployment challenges of NB-IoT and LoRaWAN and establish new research directions to tackle IoT issues in developing countries. With Nigeria as a case study, for consumers and organisations at a crossroads in their long-term deployment decisions, the proposed LPWAN integrated architecture is an example of the deployment opportunities for consumer and industrial IoT applications in developing countries.

Enabling Cross-technology Communication from LoRa to ZigBee via Payload Encoding in Sub-1 GHz Bands

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Junyang Shi ◽  
Di Mu ◽  
Mo Sha
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Wireless Monitoring ◽  
Wireless Mesh ◽  
Communication Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications. Although LPWMNs work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research, they are often complex, inelastic to change, and difficult to manage once the networks are deployed. Moreover, the deliveries of control commands, especially those carrying urgent information such as emergency alarms, suffer long delay, since the messages must go through the hop-by-hop transport. Recent studies show that adding low-power wide-area network radios such as LoRa onto the LPWMN devices (e.g., ZigBee) effectively overcomes the limitation. However, users have shown a marked reluctance to embrace the new heterogeneous communication approach because of the cost of hardware modification. In this article, we introduce LoRaBee, a novel LoRa to ZigBee cross-technology communication (CTC) approach, which leverages the energy emission in the Sub-1 GHz bands as the carrier to deliver information. Although LoRa and ZigBee adopt distinct modulation techniques, LoRaBee sends information from LoRa to ZigBee by putting specific bytes in the payload of legitimate LoRa packets. The bytes are selected such that the corresponding LoRa chirps can be recognized by the ZigBee devices through sampling the received signal strength. Experimental results show that our LoRaBee provides reliable CTC communication from LoRa to ZigBee with the throughput of up to 281.61 bps in the Sub-1 GHz bands.

EXTERNAL ANCHORING FOR WIDE-AREA NETWORK SUPPORT: THE RHYTHM PROJECT

1994 ◽  
Vol 05 (05) ◽  
pp. 769-783
Author(s):  
CESARE MAIOLI ◽  
STEFANO SOLA ◽  
FABIO VITALI
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Network Support ◽  
Integrated Environment

A major step in future hypertext systems, will be that of providing some of the interactivity characteristics of small scale centralised collaborative hypertext systems to larger scale, widely distributed ones such as WWW. Particularly important, as often asserted, is allowing free linking to all users, which may pose severe scale problems unless specific design decisions are taken. One design that is completely scalable is storing links’ anchors cxternally of the nodes they refer to and obtaining correctly updated information by relying on automatic versioning for all nodes. The RHYTHM hypertext system is a highly distributable hypertext system based on this premise. It provides free link, annotation, inclusion and customisation facilities to all users, creating an integrated environment for public and private document. Modularity and expandability in the services provided to the users is also an important part of the RHYTHM project, whose approach is based on allowing additional managers to be included in the client application in order to carry out specific tasks or handle specific data types.

Planning and cost analysis of digital radiography services for a network of hospitals the Veterans Integrated Service Network

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre J. Duerinckx ◽  
John J. Kenagy ◽  
Edward G. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Filmless Radiology ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Small Hospital ◽  
The Cost

This study analysed the design and cost of a picture archiving and communications system PACS , computerized radiography CR and a wide-area network for teleradiology. The Desert Pacific Healthcare Network comprises 10 facilities, including four tertiary medical centres and one small hospital. Data were collected on radiologists' workloads, and patient and image flow within and between these medical centres. These were used to estimate the size and cash flows associated with a system-wide implementation of PACS, CR and teleradiology services. A cost analysis model was used to estimate the potential cost savings in a filmless radiology environment. ATM technology was selected as the communications medium between the medical centres. A strategic plan and business plan were successfully developed. The cost model predicted the cost-effectiveness of the proposed PACS CR configuration within four to six years, if the base costs were kept low. The experience gained in design and cost analysis of a PACS teleradiology network will serve as a model for similar projects.

scholarly journals Analysis of network security organization based on SD-WAN technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9 (113)) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Gulzinat Ordabayeva ◽  
Abdizhapar Saparbayev ◽  
Bibinur Kirgizbayeva ◽  
Gulzat Dzhsupbekova ◽  
Nazira Rakhymbek
Keyword(s):  
Network Security ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Virtual Private Network ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Secure Networks ◽  
Private Network ◽  
The Cost

A Software-Defined Network (SDN) on a Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that is controlled and created by software. SD-WAN is an emerging research area that has received a lot of attention from industry and government. This technology offers tremendous opportunities to support the creation of consolidated data centers and secure networks. This is an innovation that allows the network to be monitored and programmed so that it can respond to network events caused by security breaches. This solution provides network security, offers a single network management console, and provides complete control over the network architecture. Also controls security in the cloud software-defined infrastructure (SDI), such as dynamically changing the network configuration when forwarding packets, blocking, redirecting, changing Media Access Control (MAC) or Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, limiting the packet flow rate etc. Using SD-WAN technology, it is possible to reduce the cost of dedicated bandwidth channels, achieve a high-quality Virtual Private Network (VPN), and the ability to automatically select a channel for certain channels. The main advantages of SD-WAN are the management of an unlimited number of devices from a single center, reducing the cost of deploying branch infrastructure. According to the results of the survey, 7 % of respondents use SD-WAN for security solutions, 14% at the piloting stage. As a result of the research, it was revealed that by 2024, to increase the flexibility and support of cloud applications, more than 60 % of SD-WAN customers will implement the SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) architecture, which is 30% more than in 2020 and the main concept - application security and cloud functions. Keywords: OpenFlow, Software defined wide area network (SD-WAN), architecture, DDoS attack, WAN network

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