cost structure
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2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (POPL) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Yue Niu ◽  
Jonathan Sterling ◽  
Harrison Grodin ◽  
Robert Harper

We present calf , a c ost- a ware l ogical f ramework for studying quantitative aspects of functional programs. Taking inspiration from recent work that reconstructs traditional aspects of programming languages in terms of a modal account of phase distinctions , we argue that the cost structure of programs motivates a phase distinction between intension and extension . Armed with this technology, we contribute a synthetic account of cost structure as a computational effect in which cost-aware programs enjoy an internal noninterference property: input/output behavior cannot depend on cost. As a full-spectrum dependent type theory, calf presents a unified language for programming and specification of both cost and behavior that can be integrated smoothly with existing mathematical libraries available in type theoretic proof assistants. We evaluate calf as a general framework for cost analysis by implementing two fundamental techniques for algorithm analysis: the method of recurrence relations and physicist’s method for amortized analysis . We deploy these techniques on a variety of case studies: we prove a tight, closed bound for Euclid’s algorithm, verify the amortized complexity of batched queues, and derive tight, closed bounds for the sequential and parallel complexity of merge sort, all fully mechanized in the Agda proof assistant. Lastly we substantiate the soundness of quantitative reasoning in calf by means of a model construction.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreu Lucía ◽  
Cano Marina ◽  
Noguera Luis ◽  
Lipan Leontina ◽  
Carbonell Ángel ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Josep M. Argilés-Bosch ◽  
Josep Garcia-Blandón ◽  
Diego Ravenda

AbstractWe conduct empirical research on the flexibility of operating costs of e-commerce firms. With an international sample of firms from different European countries, we find that e-commerce firms have a different cost structure than traditional retail firms, with a lower share of labor costs and cost of goods sold, but a higher share of other operating costs. While we find no significant different behavior in cost of goods sold and labor costs between the two types of firms, e-commerce firms are more flexible in adjusting other operating costs than traditional retail firms when activity decreases. Results are robust to different models, estimations methods and samples. The higher flexibility of e-commerce firms relies on other operating costs, but e-commerce creates qualified jobs with higher wages than traditional retail, with no additional exposure to labor uncertainty for employees.


2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012075
Author(s):  
H Gunawan ◽  
M S A Majid ◽  
R Masbar

Abstract This study measures the technical efficiency of rice farming in Aceh Province, Indonesia. A sample of 5,351 households from the 2017 Household Farming Cost Structure Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics of Aceh Province, Indonesia were gathered and analysed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Three inputs (i.e., number of labour working days, fertilizer, and seeds) and one output (i.e., number of rice harvest) were used to measure the technical efficiency of rice farming in the province. The study recorded a very low average level of technical efficiency either using a Constant Return to Scale (CRS) or a Variable Return to Scale (VRS) approaches. Two inputs were found not optimal for rice farming activities, namely the number of labour working days and the use of fertilizers, while the use of seeds was found optimal. The study suggests that the farmers should use fertilizers proportionately to the land area. The use of agricultural technology should be intensified to minimize the use of excess labour to reduce wage spending.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Doni Sahat Tua Manalu ◽  
Indah Maulina Utami

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan dan menyusun ide perencanaan bisnis yaitu strategi pemasaran buah naga dengan pendekatan Business Model Canvas (BMC) di PT Trisna Naga Asih, yang ditinjau berdasarkan 9 elemen Business Model Canvas. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deksriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data primer dan data sekunder yang diperlukan, dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara dan pencatatan. Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran tentang kondisi bisnis PT Trisna Naga Asih saat ini dan beberapa rekomendasi yang disarankan dilihat dari perubahan 9 elemen yang terjadi Customer segments berupa perluasan pasar pada konsumen Jawa Barat, dengan menambahkan media website dalam proses kegiatan pemasaran pada Key Acitvites, penggunaan media sosial dan website pada Channels, mempermudah konsumen dalam mengakses informasi dan promosi produk pada Value Proposition, bertambahnya wadah untuk memberi infomasi dan promosi pada Customer Relationships, penambahan tenaga kerja pada Key Resources, penambahan serta peningkatan mitra pada Key Partenrships, peningkatan penjualan komoditas buah naga merah dan buah naga kuning pada Revenue Streams, adanya pembukuan keuangan yang digunakan yaitu analisis laba rugi dan R/C Ratio pada Cost Structure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Lukluk Luklukmukhoyaroh

CV Ganteng Revolution merupakan industri rumahan yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan pangan. Salah satu produk yang dipasarkan adalah produk Semoet Ganteng. Semoet ganteng merupakan produk gula semut yang berkualitas dengan kemurnian 99%. Namun pada proses pemasarannya belum optimal. Untuk itu perusahaan perlu melakukan perumusan strategi dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan produk Semoet Ganteng. Business model canvas merupakan gambaran 9 elemen yang dapat menilai, dan mengubah model bisnis dalam bentuk 1 lembar kanvas atau kertas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang strategi baru berdasarkan pendekatan business model canvas. Dari 9 elemen ini yang saling berhubungan yaitu customer segmen, value propositions, channels, customer relationship, revenue stream, key resources, key activities, key partnership, dan cost structure. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan penerapan strategi baru yang perlu ditambahkan pada beberapa elemen yaitu, channels dilakukan dengan pembuatan website dan memanfaatkan media sosial untuk promosi, promosi saat ini hanya dilakukan di akun Instagram @ganteng_organicofficial dengan pengikut sebanyak 1670 orang, kanal Youtube dengan 245 subscriber, pengikut Facebook sebanyak 70 orang, 764 orang yang melihat produk Semoet Ganteng pada akun Tokopedia, Shopee dengan pengikut 11 orang. Pada elemen customer relationship ditambah dengan pemberian voucher kepada pembeli, pembelian voucher ini senilai 50.000 diberlakukan untuk pembelian 10 karton, cost structure perlu ditambahkan biaya untuk membiayai pemasaran seperti biaya endorsement dan periklanan dimedia sosial.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Hazada Zafira Mauliza

Tujuan penelitian adalah memahami struktur biaya dan penghasilan produser film dalam negeri dan importir film, serta memahami beban pajak pertambahan nilai yang ditanggung oleh produser film dalam negeri dan impotir film. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa struktur biaya produser film dalam negeri adalah biaya atas pemanfaatan jasa-jasa untuk memperlancar kegiatan produksi film yang termasuk dalam jasa-jasa yang dikenakan pajak pertambahan nilai. Struktur biaya importir film berupa harga produk dan bea masuk. Adapun struktur penghasilannya berupa pendapatan yang diperoleh dari bagi hasil dengan pengusaha bioskop atas penjualan tiket. Beban pajak pertambahan nilai yang ditanggung oleh produser film dalam negeri adalah sebesar pajak masukannya karena tidak dapat dikreditkan. Tidak terdapat beban pajak pertambahan nilai yang harus ditanggung oleh importir film. Beban pajak berupa PPN yang merupakan pajak masukan bagi perusahaan importir film dapat dikreditkan dengan pajak keluarannya sehingga PPN yang harus dibayar nihil dan bukan lagi merupakan beban pajak bagi importir film. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of costs and incomes of domestic film producers and film importers, as well as to understand the burden of value added tax borne by domestic film producers and film importers. The research method used is a literature study. The results of the study explain that the cost structure of domestic film producers is the cost of using services to facilitate film production activities which are included in services subject to value added tax. The cost structure of film importers is in the form of product prices and import duties. The income structure is in the form of income derived from profit sharing with cinema entrepreneurs on ticket sales. The value added tax burden borne by domestic film producers is equal to the input tax because it cannot be credited. There is no value added tax burden that must be borne by the film importer. The tax burden in the form of VAT which is an input tax for film importing companies can be credited with the output tax so that the VAT to be paid is nil and is no longer a tax burden for film importers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 137-158
Author(s):  
Pilar García-Perea ◽  
Aitor Lacuesta ◽  
Pau Roldan-Blanco

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