scholarly journals Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Return on Investment for 80% Domestic Renewable Electricity with Battery Storage in California (U.S.A.)

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Raugei ◽  
Alessio Peluso ◽  
Enrica Leccisi ◽  
Vasilis Fthenakis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Energy Return On Investment ◽  
Domestic Electricity ◽  
Installed Capacity

This paper presents a detailed life-cycle assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative demand for total and non-renewable primary energy, and energy return on investment (EROI) for the domestic electricity grid mix in the U.S. state of California, using hourly historical data for 2018, and future projections of increased solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity with lithium-ion battery energy storage, so as to achieve 80% net renewable electricity generation in 2030, while ensuring the hourly matching of the supply and demand profiles at all times. Specifically—in line with California’s plans that aim to increase the renewable energy share into the electric grid—in this study, PV installed capacity is assumed to reach 43.7 GW in 2030, resulting of 52% of the 2030 domestic electricity generation. In the modelled 2030 scenario, single-cycle gas turbines and nuclear plants are completely phased out, while combined-cycle gas turbine output is reduced by 30% compared to 2018. Results indicate that 25% of renewable electricity ends up being routed into storage, while 2.8% is curtailed. Results also show that such energy transition strategy would be effective at curbing California’s domestic electricity grid mix carbon emissions by 50%, and reducing demand for non-renewable primary energy by 66%, while also achieving a 10% increase in overall EROI (in terms of electricity output per unit of investment).

Forecasting Life Cycle CO2Emissions of Electrified Vehicles by 2030 Considering Japan’s Energy Mix

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-813
Author(s):  
Keita Ishizaki ◽  
◽  
Masaru Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Domestic Electricity ◽  
Breakeven Analysis ◽  
Toyota Prius ◽  
Electrified Vehicles

This paper presents a comprehensive life-cycle analysis of CO2(LCCO2) emissions from automobiles using a hybrid life-cycle inventory approach to predict the growth of electrified vehicles in Japan. Herein, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in HEV (PHEV), and battery electric vehicle (BEV) versions of the mass-produced Toyota Prius hatchback are analyzed, considering the automobile-usage environment in Japan. In particular, a breakeven analysis of HEV vs. PHEV vs. BEV is conducted in terms of LCCO2emissions that are affected by (i) outside air temperature and (ii) CO2emissions during power generation from the present day up to 2030. Our results show that HEV has the lowest LCCO2emissions when the current thermal-power-dependent electricity generation mix (average for 2012–2014) is considered, followed in order by PHEV and BEV. However, it is predicted that in 2030, PHEV will have the lowest LCCO2emissions, followed in order by HEV and BEV, as it is anticipated that nuclear and renewable energy sources will be widely available by 2030. PHEV is expected to gain popularity by 2030. Regarding BEV, large quantities of CO2emissions are emitted during battery production. Furthermore, due to the domestic electricity generation mix from the present day up to 2030, the LCCO2emissions of BEV will exceed those of HEV and PHEV.

Life Cycle Inventory Data Development for Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Thailand's Electricity Grid Generation Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viganda Varabuntoonvit ◽  
Yucho Sadamichi ◽  
Seizo Kato ◽  
Thumrongrut Mungcharoen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Life Cycle Inventory ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
The Impact

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is a well known methodology to assess the impact on the environment over the life cycle of a product, process, or activity. This methodology is based on the LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database, a data set of all resources (material and energy) that are consumed or emitted in order to produce 1 unit of the product. Because electricity is a basic infrastructure, a Thailand electricity grid LCI database is needed to assess the environmental impact not only for the product used in Thailand, but also for any product that is exported to other countries. A complete LCI database for the electricity grid in Thailand is not yet available, and the LCI database developed in this work applies from the fuel acquisition stage to the production stage. The analysis shows the unique characteristics of the Thailand electricity grid. An LCI database for each type of fuel and for each electricity generation system was developed. The characteristics of each type of fuel and electricity generation system are indicated in terms of Life Cycle GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions to reflect their global warming potential. Data on the Life Cycle GHG emission per kWh of electricity produced are also provided. The first Thailand LCI database for the fuels used in the electricity generation system was developed using data obtained from the EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand), IPPs (Independent Power Producers), and PTT (Petroleum Authority of Thailand) during the Thai fiscal year 2005 (from October 2004 to September 2005). The database was used to analyze the current situation and the characteristics of the electricity generation system in Thailand and to compare it with the systems used in other developed countries.

scholarly journals The environmental life cycle assessment of different electricity options in Kuwait

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abotalib ◽  
◽  
Jaya Jacob ◽  
Hamid Alhamadi ◽  
Dhary Alkandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Energy Indicators

In Kuwait, electricity is generated from two primary sources, heavy fuel combustion and natural gas combustion. As Kuwait relies mainly on petroleum-based products for electricity generation, identifying and understanding the environmental and energy trade-off of such operations should be carefully investigated. The life cycle assessment (LCA) tool is applied to identify the potential environmental impacts and energy performance of electricity generation under three scenarios, by considering the material flow in various stages involved such as raw-material extraction, transportation, and operations. The three scenarios investigated represent current and futuristic electricity grid mixes. The analysis of four indicators consists of two environmental and two energy indicators per one kWh of the electricity generated. The environmental indicators examined are global warming potential (GWP) and water consumption (WC), whereas the energy indicators target cumulative energy demand (CED) and net energy ratio (NER). Results indicate that one kWh of electricity generated would have a GWP (0.63-0.77) kg CO2-eq, mainly from the fuel combustion process, WC (0.0013-0.0015) m3 of water, about 68% from cooling processes, CED (9.9-10.7) MJ, and NER (0.34-0.39). The variation in results depends on the scenario investigated. It can be observed from the analysis that introducing solar photovoltaic and wind to the electricity grid mix improves the environmental and energy performance of Scenarios 3, where 15% of the electricity generated from renewables (10% solar PV and 5% wind) corresponds to a further decrease in LCA results.

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