scholarly journals Possibilities of Transition from Centralized Energy Systems to Distributed Energy Sources in Large Polish Cities

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6007
Author(s):  
Dorota Chwieduk ◽  
Wojciech Bujalski ◽  
Bartosz Chwieduk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the possible transition routes from the existing centralized energy systems in Polish cities to modern low-emission distributed energy systems based on locally available energy sources, mainly solar energy. To evaluate these possibilities, this paper first presents the current structure of energy grids and heating networks in Polish cities. A basic review of energy consumption in the building sector is given, with emphasis on residential buildings. This paper deals with the evaluation of the effectiveness of operation of central district heating systems and heat distribution systems; predicts the improvement in the effectiveness of the energy production, distribution, and use; and analyzes the possible integration of the existing system with distributed energy sources. The possibility of the introduction of photovoltaic (PV) systems to reduce energy consumption by residential buildings in a big city (Warsaw) is analyzed. It is assumed that some residential buildings, selected because of their good solar insolation conditions, can be equipped with new PV installations. Electricity produced by the PV systems can be used on site and/or transferred to the grid. PV energy can be used not only for lighting and electrical appliances in homes but also to drive micro- and small-scale heat pumps. It is assumed that the PV modules are located on roofs of residential buildings and are treated as individual micro scale energy systems of installed capacity not larger than 50 kW for each of the buildings. In such a case, the micro energy system can use the grid as a virtual electricity store of 70% or 80% efficiency and can produce and transfer electricity using a net-metering scheme. The results show that the application of micro-scale PV systems would help residential buildings to be more energy efficient, reduce energy consumption based on fossil fuels significantly, and even if the grid cannot be used as a virtual electricity store then the direct self-consumption of buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 30% on average. Development of micro-scale PV systems seems to be one of the most efficient options for a quick transformation of the centralized energy system in large Polish cities to a distributed energy one based on individual renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Calculation and Analysis of the Interval Power Flow for Distributed Energy System Based on Affine Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Bin Ouyang ◽  
Lu Qu ◽  
Qiyang Liu ◽  
Baoye Tian ◽  
Zhichang Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Distributed Energy System

Due to the coupling of different energy systems, optimization of different energy complementarities, and the realization of the highest overall energy utilization rate and environmental friendliness of the energy system, distributed energy system has become an important way to build a clean and low-carbon energy system. However, the complex topological structure of the system and too many coupling devices bring more uncertain factors to the system which the calculation of the interval power flow of distributed energy system becomes the key problem to be solved urgently. Affine power flow calculation is considered as an important solution to solve uncertain steady power flow problems. In this paper, the distributed energy system coupled with cold, heat, and electricity is taken as the research object, the influence of different uncertain factors such as photovoltaic and wind power output is comprehensively considered, and affine algorithm is adopted to calculate the system power flow of the distributed energy system under high and low load conditions. The results show that the system has larger operating space, more stable bus voltage and more flexible pipeline flow under low load condition than under high load condition. The calculation results of the interval power flow of distributed energy systems can provide theoretical basis and data support for the stability analysis and optimal operation of distributed energy systems.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of HVAC Design in Energy Renovation of Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghi Karimipanah
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Building Energy System

It is well-known fact that air conditioning systems are responsible for a significant part of all energy systems in building energy usage. In EU buildings, the building HVAC systems account for ca 50% of the energy consumed. In the U.S., air-conditioning accounts on average about 12% of residential energy expenditures. The proper choice of air distribution systems and sustainable energy sources to drive the electrical components have a vital impact to achieve the best requirements for indoor climate including, hygienical, thermal, and reasonable energy-saving goals. The building energy system components that have a considerable impact on the demand for final energy in the building are design, outdoor environment conditions, HVAC systems, water consumption, electrical appliances, indoor thermal comfort, and indoor human activities. For calculation of the energy balance in a building, we need to consider the total energy flows in and out from the building including ventilation heat losses, the perimeters transmission heat loses, solar radiation, internal heat from occupants and appliances, space and domestic water heating, air leakage, and sewage heat losses. However, it is a difficult task to handle the above time-dependent parameters therefore an energy simulation program will always be used. This chapter aims to assess the role of ventilation and air-conditioning of buildings through the sustainability approaches and some of the existing renewable energy-based methods of HVAC systems are presented. This comprehensive review has been shown that using the new air distribution systems in combination with renewable energy sources are key factors to improve the HVAC performance and move toward Nearly Zero Carbon Buildings (NZCB).

Power Electronics and Controls in Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 68-125
Author(s):  
Radian Belu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Pv Systems

The use of renewable energy sources is increasingly being pursued as a supplemental and an alternative to traditional energy generation. Several distributed energy systems are expected to a have a significant impact on the energy industry in the near future. As such, the renewable energy systems are presently undergoing a rapid change in technology and use. Such a feature is enabled clearly by power electronics. Both the solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) technologies have an almost exponential growth in installed capacity and applications. Both of them contribute to the overall grid control and power electronics research and advancement. Among the renewable energy systems, photovoltaic (PV) systems are the ones that make use of an extended scale of the advanced power electronics technologies. The specification of a power electronics interface is subject to the requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the operations of the systems on which it is connected, especially the ones where these intermittent energy sources constitute a significant part of the total system capacity. Power electronics can also play a significant role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of PV systems. Furthermore, the use of appropriate power electronics enables solar generated electricity to be integrated into power grid. Aside from improving the quality of solar panels themselves, power electronics can provide another means of improving energy efficiency in PV and solar-thermal energy systems.

Power Electronics and Controls in Solar Photovoltaic Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 2016-2072
Author(s):  
Radian Belu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Pv Systems

The use of renewable energy sources is increasingly being pursued as a supplemental and an alternative to traditional energy generation. Several distributed energy systems are expected to a have a significant impact on the energy industry in the near future. As such, the renewable energy systems are presently undergoing a rapid change in technology and use. Such a feature is enabled clearly by power electronics. Both the solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) technologies have an almost exponential growth in installed capacity and applications. Both of them contribute to the overall grid control and power electronics research and advancement. Among the renewable energy systems, photovoltaic (PV) systems are the ones that make use of an extended scale of the advanced power electronics technologies. The specification of a power electronics interface is subject to the requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects on the operations of the systems on which it is connected, especially the ones where these intermittent energy sources constitute a significant part of the total system capacity. Power electronics can also play a significant role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of PV systems. Furthermore, the use of appropriate power electronics enables solar generated electricity to be integrated into power grid. Aside from improving the quality of solar panels themselves, power electronics can provide another means of improving energy efficiency in PV and solar-thermal energy systems.

scholarly journals Energy, Environmental and Economic Performance of an Urban Community Hybrid Distributed Energy System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Fichera ◽  
Elisa Marrasso ◽  
Maurizio Sasso ◽  
Rosaria Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
General Validity ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Distributed Energy System

Energy systems face great challenges from both the supply and demand sides. Strong efforts have been devoted to investigate technological solutions aiming at overcoming the problems of fossil fuel depletion and the environmental issues due to the carbon emissions. Hybrid (activated by both renewables and fossil fuels) distributed energy systems can be considered a very effective and promising technology to replace traditional centralized energy systems. As a most peculiar characteristic, they reduce the use of fossil sources and transmission and distribution losses along the main power grid and contribute to electric peak shaving and partial-loads losses reduction. As a direct consequence, the transition from centralized towards hybrid decentralized energy systems leads to a new role for citizens, shifting from a passive energy consumer to active prosumers able to produce energy and distribute energy. Such a complex system needs to be carefully modelled to account for the energy interactions with prosumers, local microgrids and main grids. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of a hybrid distributed energy system serving an urban community and modelled within the framework of agent-based theory. The model is of general validity and estimates (i) the layout of the links along which electricity is distributed among agents in the local microgrid, (ii) electricity exchanged among agents and (iii) electricity exported to the main power grid or imported from it. A scenario analysis has been conducted at varying the distance of connection among prosumers, the installed capacity in the area and the usage of links. The distributed energy system has been compared to a centralized energy system in which the electricity requests of the urban community are satisfied by taking electricity from the main grid. The comparison analysis is carried out from an energy, environmental and economic point of view by evaluating the primary energy saving, avoided carbon dioxide emissions and the simple payback period indices.

scholarly journals Estimated potential for energy savings in heating residential buildings in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Lis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Energy Effect ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
The Face ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

In the face of a constant increase in demand for energy, one of the important sources will be its saving and efficient use. The search for the greatest opportunities in this area should focus on the areas where the highest energy consumption occurs. The dominant role here is played by the communal and living sector, to the extent that it is the sub-sector of buildings with a majority share of residential buildings. The article presents the expected energy effects of measures reducing energy consumption for heating residential buildings in the whole country. The author used statistical data of the Central Statistical Office available in the database of this institution. These data were identified and searched for as suitable for the purposes of this article and were used as a basis for calculations and analyses. The calculations show that only thanks to simple actions such as improvement of thermal insulation of envelope components it is possible to reduce energy consumption for heating of residential buildings by over 70% in relation to the situation in 2011. The potential energy effect will also translate into an economic and environmental effect. Qualitative measures such as improving the performance of the heating and ventilation system of a building and/or changing the energy carrier will also reduce energy consumption for this purpose, but they are not the subject of this study.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF A SECOND-LAW MODELLING PROCEDURE

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
JOHN W. CHINNECK
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Manager ◽  
Modelling Procedure ◽  
Modelling Techniques

The energy systems in large industrial plants are often very complex involving hundreds of items of equipment such as furnaces, turbines, boilers, generators, etc., and numerous energy forms such as oil, natural gas, steam, electricity and so on. It is usually not obvious how to operate the system to minimize energy consumption, thereby minimizing fuel expenditures. Computer models can be effective tools for the plant manager in tackling this problem. This paper presents the results of the application of a new modelling procedure to the energy system in an existing Canadian petrochemicals plant. The new procedure identified an estimated $600,000 per annum in additional energy savings over other modelling techniques that had been applied to the plant. The procedure includes second-law measures in a convenient and easily-applied form.

Study of Exterior Window’s Energy-Saving Design for the Residential Buildings in Severe Cold Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Hong Tao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Cold Region ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
Window Design ◽  
The Heat Transfer Coefficient

Measure the temperature of exterior window and surrounding walls’ inner surface, and measure interior air temperature to analyze the effect, which was brought to building energy consumption and interior thermal conditions by the exterior window of the building; studied several details of exterior window design, and proposes a method, which is separately controlling the heat-transfer coefficient according to different orientation, room’s positions and room’s functions while designing the exterior windows, in order to improve the interior thermal conditions and reduce energy consumption of the residential buildings.

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