Awareness of Linked Open Data Among the Employees of Polish Libraries, Archives, and Museums

Purpose/Thesis: This article presents the results of a survey conducted in January 2021 among employees of Polish libraries, museums, and archives, examining their awareness of open linked data technologies. The research had a pilot character and its results will be used to improve the questionnaire and to conduct research on a wider scale. Approach/Methods: The survey method was used in the study. Results and conclusions: On the basis of answers received, it can be concluded that open linked data is not yet very well-known among employees of Polish libraries, museums, and archives. Those most aware of technologies allowing for machine understanding of content shared on the Web are doctorate degree-holders employed in research libraries. Furthermore, awareness of the projects using LOD technologies does not correlate with awareness of these technological solutions. Research limitations: The number of respondents (415) constitutes 1% of all the people employed in libraries, archives, and museums in Poland (based on data provided by the Central Statistical Office of Poland). This is not a large number, but considering the variety among the respondents, the sample can be considered representative. Originality/Value: The awareness of Linked Open Data among employees of Polish libraries, archives, and museums has not been the subject of any study so far. In fact, this type of research has not been conducted in other countries either.

Dairy Value Chain

Livestock sector is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the development of the rural economy. More than one-fifth (23%) of agricultural households with area less than 0.01 hectare reported livestock as their principal source of income (GoI Government of India (2014) Key indicators of situation of agricultural). Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Indian agriculture. While the share of overall agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) declined from 18.2% in 2014–15 to 17.8% in 2019–20, the share of livestock sector in GVA increased from 4.4% to 5.1% in the same period (GoI Government of India (2021) The economic survey (2020–21). Ministry of Finance. Government of India). Livestock sector accounts for 31% of the gross value of output in agriculture and allied sector (GVOA). Within livestock, milk is the biggest component with 20% share in GVOA. In fact, milk is the largest agriculture commodity in terms of value of output worth INR 772,705 crores in 2018–19 which was more than the value of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane combined worth INR 623,462 crores (MoSPI. (2021). National Accounts Statistics 2020. Central Statistical Organization. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.). Around 70 million of rural households are engaged in milk production, most of them are landless, marginal, and small farmers (NCAER. (2020). Analyzing Socio-Economic Impact of National Dairy Plan—I. National Council for Applied Economic Research. February 2020.). As a source of livelihood for million of poor households, dairying also supplements their dietary sources of protein and nutrition thus playing a critical role in the country’s food security needs.

THEEXPOSURE OF BAGHDAD SLUM RESIDENTS TO TELEVISION DRUG ADVERTISEMENTS AND ITS TRENDS

The advancement of science and technology in recent years has led to heavy and diversified production and thus market congestion in various goods and services; which led to an increase of competition among advertisers in order to meet the needs and wishes and to upgrade to the level of consumers. These upgrades have imposed an increase in the usage of the promotions, including advertising in terms of quantity and quality, to influence and persuade customers innovatively and creatively using all available mass media. The research aims to identify the attitudes of residents of poor areas towards television advertisements for medicines, and the impact of those advertisements on them in terms of making purchase decisions. To achieve the objectives of the research, a stratified random sample (cluster sampling) was selected based on data and statistics taken from the Ministry of Planning (Central Statistical Organization) according to the criteria (governorate, district, district, alley) with a size of 482 males and females. The research has reached a set of results, the most important of which is that 73% of the surveyed sample confirmed that they took slimming drugs, which were identified through television advertisements, and that 54.6% of the sample confirmed that they sometimes believe in what is said about the capabilities of drugs that are announced on screens. TV.

THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON THE TERRITORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNGARIAN SMES (SPECIAL REGARDS TO TOURISM)

The study highlights the economic importance and role of the European and Hungarian SMEs (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises) in reducing territorial inequalities, and in contributing to regional development and gives an overview of their basic features and characteristics. In the preparation of this paper, we have relied on specialist literature and the data available on the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office. During the 2008 crisis, real estate, real estate renting, computer and business and business support services, trade, construction and manufacturing, and automotive were the big losers. The economic sectors most exposed to the effects of the 2020 health crisis were the so-called IRS sector. The districts most affected by the health crisis were the Hungarian districts most visited by domestic and foreign tourists, namely Lake Balaton, Bük-Sárvár, Sopron-Fertő, Győr-Pannonhalma, Mátra-Bükk, Debrecen and its region.

The consequences of ageing for the Polish economy

The ageing of population, as well as the expected decline resulting from the demographic changes, may have a negative effect on the economy, burdening national budgets. Poland has been among 30 demographically old countries in the world for years, and the ageing of the population has already begun in the early 1970s (Majdzińska A., 2015). The subject of the study is the economic effects of ageing society in Poland. The aim of the article is to present the economic consequences of ageing in Poland. The data from the Central Statistical Office on the demographic situation in Poland are used in the article. The ageing of the population is perceived as the dominant demographic process reflecting changes in the age structure of the population and the growth in the general elderly population. Therefore, the task of the state policy is to ensure the most optimal development for ageing population. The ageing of society imposes many tasks for social policy, including pension deficits, increase in healthcare service costs and care for the elderly, as well as slowing down in economic growth in the context of increasing social costs (P. Błędowski, 2012). Human ageing is a natural process, and at the same time, it has become a subject of interest among researchers working in various scientific environments. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly observe changes and undertake extensive discussions in this regard. It goes without saying that the course of aging process and its consequences require increased attention from experts and politicians. It is necessary to take up-to-date actions that will mitigate the negative effects in the future.

Stability and Social Sustainability of Farm Household Income in Poland in 2003–2020

This article analyses the available income of farmer households in Poland in 2003–2020 in the context of their level, variability, and differentiation. The income situation of farmers was analysed from the intra-sectoral perspective and the inter-sectoral perspective by comparing the average monthly available income per capita of farmer households to the income of employees and total households. The research aimed to assess the stability of farmers’ incomes against the background of comparative groups and to assess their social sustainability. We understand farmers’ income parity relative to other socio-professional groups and a similar level of intra-sectoral differentiation. The source of empirical materials was the cyclical statistics of the Central Statistical Office prepared as part of the Household Budget Surveys, published in the years 2004–2021. It was found that despite a significant increase in the real income of farmers’ households in Poland over the studied years, the income disparity of farmers relative to other socio-occupational groups persisted. However, the income gap of farmers in relation to workers from the non-agricultural sector decreased from 35.1% in 2003 to an average of 15.7% in 2004–2020, which is largely due to the support for agriculture from the CAP funds. Compared to the analysed groups, the income of farmers’ households is characterised by the most significant instability and greater diversification. These results indicate a persistent deficit in the social sustainability of farmers’ household income in Poland.

COVID-19 w Polsce — sekwencja epidemii według modelu SIR

The paper aims to indicate the duration and intensity of the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland. To achieve this goal, the SIR interval model was used. The study was based on data from the Central Statistical Office, Hopkins University, and the Institute of Global Health at the University of Geneva. Based on the analysis results, it was established that the prognosis of the epidemic’s course largely depends on the size of the adopted R virus reproduction coefficient. The higher the coefficient, the more rapid the predicted course of the epidemic, the shorter the duration, and the greater the number of infected. And vice versa: the smaller the coefficient, the milder its course, the longer its duration, and the smaller the number of infected. For this reason, it is important to accurately assess the intensity of the epidemic’s development measured by the virus renewal rate, depending on the nature and intensity of interpersonal contacts. Perhaps in a given country different values of the coefficient for urbanized and rural areas should be used.

The Resilience of Urban Retail System in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Case Study of Poland

Urban retail systems in Poland have been changing constantly during the last 30 years. When it seemed that the consumption lifestyle of Poles became stable, and likewise the relations within the urban retail system, it was placed under the strain of the shock of the pandemic. The aim of the study is to discuss challenges that the urban retail systems face as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, how the relationships within those systems have changed and how the resilience of entities that create urban retail systems has changed. The article focuses on the case study of Poland, the largest and the fastest growing country in Central and Eastern Europe. To achieve the research goal, a broad and detailed critical literature review was used: literature, scientific articles, reports and daily press with a business profile were analyzed. Complementary to a qualitative approach was an analysis of quantitative data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland and Eurostat regarding the period from 2007 to 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a unique occasion in which to conduct a stress-test of the concept of retail resilience in the lively organism of a city; it also delivers a useful framework for analyzing processes occurring in the Polish retail trade. The undertaken research contributes to these concepts by indicating how the shock of COVID-19 could affect components of the urban retail system in ambivalent ways as they express different levels of resilience. Some elements of the system had no problems with adjustments to the shock of the pandemic, whereas others with more rigid structures had problems with adaptation.

The adoption of industry 4.0 and digitalisation of Hungarian SMEs

Hungarian small- and medium-sized enterprises are facing the challenges of digitalisation and innovation to survive fierce competition in the era of Industry 4.0, and particularly of COVID-19. Survival in the heavily hit sectors depends on the degree of digitalisation and involvement in e-commerce. This paper aims to examine Hungarian SMEs’ current scale of digitalisation and adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. It also analyses the role of the Hungarian government’s support for SMEs’ digital transformation. To this end, secondary data were collected from Eurostat, the European Commission and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, including the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), indices of skills and innovation from SME performance reviews and sectoral business statistics. In processing the data, the study strictly followed the European Commission’ classification protocol, complemented by a qualitative analysis of reports and programmes related to digitalisation and Industry 4.0 in Hungary. The findings reveal that there is a further need for strengthening the digitalisation and innovation capacities of Hungarian SMEs. The effects of introduced measures could not be seen yet. Hence, the Hungarian government should continue to support SMEs’ digital transformation in order to increase their role in high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services.

ANALYSIS OF THE VOLUME OF PASSENGERS AND CARGO IN RAIL AND ROAD TRANSPORT IN POLAND IN 2009-2019

Transport plays an important role in the economy of any country. Efficient and developed transport infrastructure of various modes of transport significantly affects the availability of transport services, and consequently, the well-being of citizens. This article presents an analysis of the volume of passengers and cargo transport using rail and road transport in Poland in 2009-2019. These analyses were carried out based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office. All data concerns Polish entities that provide services in the field of passenger and freight transport in Poland and focuses on such information as the volume of passengers and cargo by individual means of transport, broken down into domestic and international transport. Further, the presented analyses concern the length of the available rail and road routes, tracks, the size of the rolling stock as well as the groups of transported loads.