Operational Analysis of Fire Alarm Systems with a Focused, Dispersed and Mixed Structure in Critical Infrastructure Buildings

The article presents issues regarding the impact of operating conditions on the functional reliability of representative fire alarm systems (FASs) in selected critical infrastructure buildings (CIB). FAS should operate correctly under variable environmental conditions. FASs ensure the safety of people and CIB. Operational measurements for 10 representative systems were conducted in order to determine the impact of environmental conditions on FAS reliability. Selected operational indices were also determined. The next stage involved developing two models of representative FASs and the availability, pre-ageing time and operating process security indices. Determining operational indices is a rational selection of FAS technical and organizational solutions that enables the reliability level to be increased. Identifying the course of the FAS operating process security hazard changes in individual system lines, particularly at the initial operation stage, enables people that supervise the operation to affect operating parameters on an ongoing basis. The article is structured in the following order: issue analysis, FAS power supply in CIB, operational test results, selected FAS operating process models, determination of operational and security indices, and conclusions.

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Analysis of Reliability Requirements for Fire Alarm Systems Operated in Civil Structures and Critical Infrastructure Facilities

Bulletin of the Military University of Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.8873 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 77-87

Author(s):

Krzysztof Jakubowski

Keyword(s):

System Reliability ◽

Critical Infrastructure ◽

Alarm System ◽

Civil Structures ◽

Fire Hazards ◽

Fire Alarm ◽

Alarm Systems ◽

Fire Alarm System

A fire alarm system (FAS) is one of the most important safety facilities used in any building, and include CCTV and intrusion and panic alarms. Pursuant to the Polish Regulation of the Minister of the Interior and Administration of 07/06/2010, FASs are required in specific civil structures. FASs are directly responsible for the protection of the life and health of humans and animals, and indi-rectly for property at the protected sites. In considering the fire hazards and scenarios, a FAS should be characterized with sufficient reliability. Every FAS is subject to specific requirements in terms of reliability and continuity of performance at the stages of monitoring, FAS failure, and fire. This work is an analysis of the reliability requirements for FAS. Keywords: fire alarm system, reliability requirements, structures.

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The analysis of the operational process of a complex fire alarm system used in transport facilities

Building Simulation ◽

10.1007/s12273-021-0790-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jacek Paś ◽

Tomasz Klimczak ◽

Adam Rosiński ◽

Marek Stawowy

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Alarm System ◽

Fire Alarm ◽

Reliability Parameters ◽

Alarm Systems ◽

Operation Process ◽

Fire Alarm System ◽

Analysis Of Results ◽

Rational Management ◽

And Control

AbstractA fire alarm system (FAS) is a system comprising signalling-alarm devices, which automatically detect and transmit information about fire, but also receivers of fire alarms and receivers for damage signals. Fire alarm systems function in different environmental conditions. During operation they should be in state of fitness. This is determined by the reliability of the assembled units and rational management of the operation process. Therefore a reliability and operational analysis of fire alarm systems as a whole is essential. This article presents an authorial model and an operational and reliability analysis of FAS, which is exploited in a transport building. It also demonstrates relationships occurring in the analysed system, where to an addressable fire alarm central unit with detection loops and control-monitoring loops alarm device lines (with monitored relay outputs for actuation of alarm-signalling devices) were connected. Research and analysis of results for representative FAS, which were exploited in similar environmental conditions, were conducted in order to determine operational and reliability parameters of the investigated system. FAS computer simulation was run during the time t = 1 year of safety system operation. This led to the calculation of the probability value of the analysed FAS staying in the examined operational states.

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Modern German Police Call and Fire Alarm Systems

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican03111911-148supp ◽

1911 ◽

Vol 71 (1836supp) ◽

pp. 148-150

Author(s):

Frank C. Perkins

Keyword(s):

Fire Alarm ◽

Alarm Systems

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Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2174341 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 156-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. J. LaClair ◽

C. Zarak

Keyword(s):

Flat Surface ◽

Operating Temperature ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Load Pressure ◽

Truck Tire ◽

Endurance Testing ◽

Operating Temperatures ◽

The Impact ◽

Tread Rubber ◽

Cylindrical Test

Abstract Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re-treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway-equivalent operating conditions for truck tire endurance testing.

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