Truck Tire Operating Temperatures on Flat and Curved Test Surfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LaClair ◽  
C. Zarak
Keyword(s):  
Flat Surface ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Load Pressure ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tread Rubber ◽  
Cylindrical Test

Abstract Operating temperature is critical to the endurance life of a tire. Fundamental differences between operations of a tire on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical test drum may result in a substantially higher tire temperature in the latter case. Nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used in the industry for tire endurance testing. This paper discusses the important effects of surface curvature on truck tire endurance testing and highlights the impact that curvature has on tire operating temperature. Temperature measurements made during testing on flat and curved surfaces under a range of load, pressure and speed conditions are presented. New tires and re-treaded tires of the same casing construction were evaluated to determine the effect that the tread rubber and pattern have on operating temperatures on the flat and curved test surfaces. The results of this study are used to suggest conditions on a road wheel that provide highway-equivalent operating conditions for truck tire endurance testing.

From Chip to Cooling Tower Data Center Modeling: Chip Leakage Power and its Impact on Cooling Infrastructure Energy Efficiency

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Breen ◽  
Ed J. Walsh ◽  
Jeff Punch ◽  
Amip J. Shah ◽  
Cullen E. Bash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Leakage Power ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

The power consumption of the chip package is known to vary with operating temperature, independently of the workload processing power. This variation is commonly known as chip leakage power, typically accounting for ∼10% of total chip power consumption. The influence of operating temperature on leakage power consumption is a major concern for the IT industry for design optimization where IT system power densities are steadily increasing and leakage power expected to account for up to ∼50% of chip power in the near future associated with the reducing package size. Much attention has been placed on developing models of the chip leakage power as a function of package temperature, ranging from simple linear models to complex super-linear models. This knowledge is crucial for IT system designers to improve chip level energy efficiency and minimize heat dissipation. However, this work has been focused on the component level with little thought given to the impact of chip leakage power on entire data center efficiency. Studies on data center power consumption quote IT system heat dissipation as a constant value without accounting for the variance of chip power with operating temperature due to leakage power. Previous modeling techniques have also omitted this temperature dependent relationship. In this paper we discuss the need for chip leakage power to be included in the analysis of holistic data center performance. A chip leakage power model is defined and its implementation into an existing multi-scale data center energy model is discussed. Parametric studies are conducted over a range of system and environment operating conditions to evaluate the impact of varying degrees of chip leakage power. Possible strategies for mitigating the impact of leakage power are also illustrated in this study. This work illustrates that when including chip leakage power in the data center model, a compromise exists between increasing operating temperatures to improve cooling infrastructure efficiency and the increase in heat load at higher operating temperatures due to leakage power.

From Chip to Cooling Tower Data Center Modeling: Chip Leakage Power and Its Impact on Cooling Infrastructure Energy Efficiency

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Breen ◽  
Ed J. Walsh ◽  
Jeff Punch ◽  
Amip J. Shah ◽  
Cullen E. Bash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Leakage Power ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

The power consumption of the chip package is known to vary with operating temperature, independently of the workload processing power. This variation is commonly known as chip leakage power, typically accounting for ~10% of total chip power consumption. The influence of operating temperature on leakage power consumption is a major concern for the information technology (IT) industry for design optimization where IT system power densities are steadily increasing and leakage power expected to account for up to ~50% of chip power in the near future associated with the reducing package size. Much attention has been placed on developing models of the chip leakage power as a function of package temperature, ranging from simple linear models to complex super-linear models. This knowledge is crucial for IT system designers to improve chip level energy efficiency and minimize heat dissipation. However, this work has been focused on the component level with little thought given to the impact of chip leakage power on entire data center efficiency. Studies on data center power consumption quote IT system heat dissipation as a constant value without accounting for the variance of chip power with operating temperature due to leakage power. Previous modeling techniques have also omitted this temperature dependent relationship. In this paper, we discuss the need for chip leakage power to be included in the analysis of holistic data center performance. A chip leakage power model is defined and its implementation into an existing multiscale data center energy model is discussed. Parametric studies are conducted over a range of system and environment operating conditions to evaluate the impact of varying degrees of chip leakage power. Possible strategies for mitigating the impact of leakage power are also illustrated in this study. This work illustrates that when including chip leakage power in the data center model, a compromise exists between increasing operating temperatures to improve cooling infrastructure efficiency and the increase in heat load at higher operating temperatures due to leakage power.

Flat versus Curved Contact Surfaces Effect on Consumer P-Metric and LT Tire Operating Temperatures3

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
L. Spadone ◽  
J. Bokar
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Curved Surfaces ◽  
Statistical Regression ◽  
Load Pressure ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Contact Surfaces

Abstract Rolling stress and resultant operating temperature is critical to the endurance of a tire. There are fundamental differences between the tire stresses when operating on a flat surface, as experienced in normal highway use, and on a cylindrical laboratory test wheel. Even though there are substantially higher tire stresses and temperatures on a curved test wheel, nonetheless, cylindrical road wheels are widely used with the industry for tire endurance testing. Therefore, it is important to consider the severity of test conditions intended for a flat surface and the equivalent severity on the curved surface in order to avoid subjecting the tire to unrealistic stresses and temperatures. In this study, temperature measurements were made at the tire belt edge and centerline, for both flat and curved surfaces, under designed ranges of load, pressure, and speed conditions. Statistical regression models that predict the temperatures at the tire centerline and belt edge locations are developed and discussed. A simple yet consistent conversion from flat to curved conditions is provided so that equivalent tire temperatures are obtained. Flat highway conditions are derived that are temperature equivalent solutions to each of the FMVSS139 step test conditions.

ASTM Radial Medium Truck Tire Operating Temperatures—Curved versus Flat Surfaces2

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Ruip
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Endurance Testing ◽  
Operating Temperatures ◽  
Haul Truck ◽  
Speed Response

Abstract This paper reports the results of an extensive design of experiment (DOE) conducted on radial medium truck tires by the ASTM Committee F09.30 Task Group on Truck/Bus Tire Test Development. These results are from Phase I of the task group’s work, operational (“real world”) tire temperature benchmarking. DOE variables were tire inflation, load, and speed. Response temperatures from embedded thermocouples were measured at apex/ply ending, no. 2/no. 3 belt ending, and shoulder and centerline ribs. Steady-state temperatures for steer, drive, and trailer tires from three different test venues are compared, i.e., flat belt lab machine, road/track, and 1.7 m diam laboratory roadwheel. Results from temperature regression modeling are discussed. Examples of the effects of a curved test surface on tire operating temperatures as well as on tire strain levels are provided. Model predictions are used to compare temperatures and strains of tires running at current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 119 test conditions versus a severe service long-haul truck operating condition. The concept of “highway speed equivalency” for laboratory endurance testing is proposed.

scholarly journals Effect of Ultrafiltration Operating Conditions for Separation of Ferulic Acid from Arabinoxylans in Corn Fibre Alkaline Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4682
Author(s):  
Rita Valério ◽  
João G. Crespo ◽  
Claudia F. Galinha ◽  
Carla Brazinha
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Alkaline Extract ◽  
Efficient Separation ◽  
Crossflow Velocity ◽  
Corn Fibre ◽  
The Impact

Corn fibre, a co-product of the starch industry, is rich in compounds with high added value, such as ferulic acid and arabinoxylans, which are released during alkaline extraction. This work aims to optimise an efficient separation method for the recovery of these two compounds from a corn fibre alkaline extract, allowing an efficient valorisation of this co-product. Ultrafiltration was selected as separation method, due to its potential to fractionate these compounds. In order to minimise the loss of membrane permeance, due to mass transfer limitations caused by the high arabinoxylan viscosity, the impact of relevant ultrafiltration operating parameters (membrane molecular weight cut-off, fluid dynamics conditions, transmembrane pressure, and operating temperature) were evaluated. A Nadir UP 150 membrane was found to be an adequate choice, allowing for an efficient separation of ferulic acid from arabinoxylans, with null rejection of ferulic acid, a high estimated rejection of arabinoxylans 98.0% ± 1.7%, and the highest permeance of all tested membranes. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to infer the effect of ultrafiltration conditions (crossflow velocity, transmembrane pressure and operating temperature) on the rejection of ferulic acid, retention of arabinoxylans (assessed through apparent viscosity of the retentate stream), and permeance. Through mathematical modelling it was possible to determine that the best conditions are the highest operating temperature and initial crossflow velocity tested (66 °C and 1.06 m.s−1, respectively), and the lowest transmembrane pressure tested (0.7 bar).

Расчетные методы оценки ударной вязкости сварных элементов с трещинами

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Crack Development ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Critical Crack Length ◽  
The Impact

Практика показывает, что для сварных конструкций, эксплуатируемых в условиях Крайнего Севера необходимо уделять внимание работоспособности сварных соединений при низких температурах. Металл сварных соединений в процессе воздействия обработки изменяет свои свойства, снижается ударная вязкость, образуется гетерогенная структура с большой степенью разнозернистости. Чтобы оценивать и иметь возможность правильно контролировать термическое воздействие и последствия сварочного процесса, требуется решить задачу аналитического определения ударной вязкости для всех зон сварного соединения. В настоящей статье представлен инженерный метод оценки ударной вязкости, применимый для любой зоны сварного соединения, в которой имеется острый или особый концентратор напряжений – трещина. Разработанный аналитический метод расчета ударной вязкости отражает качественную и количественную картину взаимосвязи структурно-механических характеристик и работы развития трещины в диапазоне температур 77…300 К. Предложенная схематизация зависимости критического коэффициента интенсивности напряжений от температуры позволила найти коэффициенты, характеризующие свойства материала, и выполнить расчеты изменения предела текучести и предела прочности от температуры эксплуатации. Построены графики зависимости работы развития трещины от температуры эксплуатации для сталей 15ГС и 17ГС, сравнение которых с экспериментальными данными показывает удовлетворительное согласование. Найдено, что при напряжениях предела выносливости отношение работы развития трещины к критической длине трещины постоянно, не зависит от температуры и для сталей 15ГС и 17ГС равно около 10. Ключевые слова: ударная вязкость, работа разрушения, коэффициент интенсивности напряжений, трещина, феррито-перлитная сталь, зона термического влияния. For welded structures under operation in the Far North, attention must be paid to the performance of welded joints at low temperatures. The properties of metal of welded joints are changed in the process of treatment, its toughness decreases, and a heterogeneous structure with a large range of different grain sizes is formed. In order to evaluate and be able to correctly control the thermal effect and the consequences of the welding process, it is necessary to solve the problem of analytical determination of impact strength for all zones of the welded joint. The paper presents an engineering method for evaluation of the impact strength applicable to any area of the welded joint in which there is a sharp or super sharp stress concentrator – a crack. The developed analytical method for calculating the impact strength reflects a qualitative and quantitative codependency of structural and mechanical characteristics and the process of crack development in the temperature range of 77–300 K. The proposed schematization of dependence of the critical coefficient of stress intensity on the temperature made it possible to find coefficients characterizing the properties of the material and to perform calculations of changes in yield strength and tensile strength on operating temperature. Graphs of the crack development process dependency on the operating temperature for 15ГС and 17ГС steels were constructed, and their comparison with experimental data displays satisfactory agreement. It was found that at endurance limit stresses, the ratio of the crack development process to the critical crack length is constant, non-dependent on temperature, and is equal to 10 for 15ГС and 17ГС steels. Keywords: impact strength, fracture work, stress intensity factor, crack, ferrite-pearlite steel, heat affected zone, steel tempering.

A NEW WELDING MATERIAL FOR REGENERATION IN THE WELDING TECHNOLOGY BASED ON NICKEL. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF DEFORMABLE HEAT-RESISTANT HIGH-CHROMIUM NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS FOR WELDED PARTS. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FUELLING STATIONS TYPES AND VEHICLES USING HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND STORING METHODS

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Ben Nengjun ◽  
Zhou Pengfei ◽  
Oleksandr Labartkava ◽  
Mykhailo Samokhin
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
High Chromium ◽  
Salt Corrosion ◽  
Tcp Phases ◽  
The Impact

This work involves an analysis of high-chromium high-temperature deformable wieldable nickel alloys for use in GTE repair assemblies. It is shown that the alloys EP868 (VZh98) and Haynes 230 can be used in welded assemblies with an operating temperature of 800-1100 °C. The alloys Nimonic 81, Nimonic 91, IN 935, IN 939, and Nicrotan 2100 GT also have a high potential for use in welded assemblies. They are characterized by a combination of good weldability, high-temperature strength, and resistance to scaling. There have been conducted studies on high-temperature salt corrosion of model nickel alloys. They allowed establishing the patterns of the impact of base metal alloying with chromium, aluminum, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum and rare earth metals on the critical temperature of the start of salt corrosion Tcor and the alloy mass loss. It has been established that alloys with a moderate concentration (13-16%) of chromium can possess satisfactory hightemperature corrosion resistance (HTC resistance) under the operating conditions of ship GTE. The HTC resistance of CrAl-Ti alloys improves upon reaching the ratio Ti/Al ˃ 1. Meanwhile, the ratio Ti/Al ˂ 1 promotes the formation of corrosion products with low protective properties. The positive effect of tantalum on the HTC resistance of alloys is manifested at higher test temperatures than that of titanium, and the total content of molybdenum and tungsten in alloys is limited by the condition 8Mo2 – 2W2 = 89. The presence of refractory elements stabilizes the strengthening phase and prevents formation of the ɳ-phase. However, their excess promotes formation of the embrittling topologically close packed (TCP) phases and boundary carbides of an unfavorable morphology. Based on the studies of the HTC resistance, there has been identified a class of model high-temperature corrosionresistant nickel alloys with a moderate or high chromium content (30%), Ti/Al ˃ 1, and a balanced content of refractory and rare-earth elements.

Application of vacuum belt press filters for cane mud filtration and performance comparison with rotary filters

2014 ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Petit
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Vacuum Filter ◽  
Sugar Mill ◽  
Belt Press ◽  
Vacuum Belt ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mud Filtration ◽  
The Impact

Bois-Rouge factory, an 8000 t/d cane Reunionese sugarcane mill, has fully equipped its filtration station with vacuum belt press filters since 2010, the first one being installed in 2009. The present study deals with this 3-year experience and discusses operating conditions, electricity consumption, performance and optimisation. The comparison with the more classical rotary drum vacuum filter station of Le Gol sugar mill highlights advantages of vacuum belt press filters: high filtration efficiency, low filter cake mass and sucrose content, low total solids content in filtrate and low power consumption. However, this technology needs a mud conditioning step and requires a large amount of water to improve mud quality, mixing of flocculant and washing of filter belts. The impact on the energy balance of the sugar mill is significant. At Bois-Rouge mill, studies are underway to reduce the water consumption by recycling low d.s. filtrate and by dry cleaning the filter belts.

Influence of temperature and humidity on the angle of repose of wood bulk materials

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.В. Бачериков ◽  
Б.М. Локштанов
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
The Impact

При проектировании открытых и закрытых хранилищ измельченных сыпучих материалов древесных материалов, таких как щепа и опилки, большое значение имеет угол естественного откоса (статический и динамический) этих материалов. В технической литературе приводятся противоречивые сведения о величине этих углов, что приводит к ошибкам при проектировании складов. В справочных данных не учитываются условия, в которых эксплуатируются емкости для хранения сыпучих материалов, свойства и состояние этих сыпучих материалов. В свою очередь, ошибки при проектировании приводят к проблемам (зависание, сводообразование, «затопление» и т. д.) и авариям при эксплуатации бункеров и силосов на производстве. В статье представлены сведения, посвященные влиянию влажности и температуры на угол естественного откоса сыпучих материалов. На основании лабораторных и натурных экспериментов, проведенных с помощью специально разработанных методик и установок, была скорректирована формула для определения углов естественного откоса (статического и динамического) для измельченных древесных материалов в зависимости от их фракционного и породного состава, влажности (абсолютной и относительной) и температуры. При помощи скорректированной формулы можно определить угол естественного откоса древесных сыпучих материалов со среднегеометрическим размером частицы от 0,5 мм до 15 мм (от древесной пыли до технологической щепы) в различных производственных условиях. Статья может быть полезна проектировщикам при расчете угла наклона граней выпускающей воронки бункеров и силосов предприятий лесной отрасли и целлюлозо-бумажной промышленности. In the design of open and closed storage warehouses chopped wood materials for bulk materials such as wood chips and sawdust, great importance has an angle of repose (static and dynamic) of these materials. In the technical literature are conflicting reports about the magnitude of these angles, which leads to errors in the design of warehouses. In the referencesdoes not take into account the conditions under which operated capacities for storage of bulk materials, and properties and condition of the bulk material. The design errors lead to problems (hanging, arching, «flooding», etc.) and accidents in the operation of hoppers and silos at the mills. The article provides information on the impact of humidity and temperature on the angle of repose of granular materials. On the basis of laboratory and field experiments, conducted with the help of specially developed techniques and facilities has been adjusted formula for determining the angle of repose (static and dynamic) for the shredded wood materials depending on their fractional and species composition, humidity (absolute and relative) and temperature. It is possible, by using the corrected formula, to determine the angle of repose of loose wood materials with average particle size of from 0.5 mm to 15 mm (wood dust to pulpchips) in various operating conditions. The article can be helpful to designers in the calculation of the angle of inclination of the funnel faces produces bunkers and silos forest industries and pulp and paper industry.

scholarly journals Tanning Wastewater Treatment by Ultrafiltration: Process Efficiency and Fouling Behavior

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Fu Yang ◽  
Zhengkun Huang ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Chongde Wu ◽  
Rongqing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Pore Blocking ◽  
The Impact

Ultrafiltration is a promising, environment-friendly alternative to the current physicochemical-based tannery wastewater treatment. In this work, ultrafiltration was employed to treat the tanning wastewater as an upstream process of the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) system in the leather industry. The filtration efficiency and fouling behaviors were analyzed to assess the impact of membrane material and operating conditions (shear rate on the membrane surface and transmembrane pressure). The models of resistance-in-series, fouling propensity, and pore blocking were used to provide a comprehensive analysis of such a process. The results show that the process efficiency is strongly dependent on the operating conditions, while the membranes of either PES or PVDF showed similar filtration performance and fouling behavior. Reversible resistance was the main obstacle for such process. Cake formation was the main pore blocking mechanism during such process, which was independent on the operating conditions and membrane materials. The increase in shear rate significantly increased the steady-state permeation flux, thus, the filtration efficiency was improved, which resulted from both the reduction in reversible resistance and the slow-down of fouling layer accumulate rate. This is the first time that the fouling behaviors of tanning wastewater ultrafiltration were comprehensively evaluated, thus providing crucial guidance for further scientific investigation and industrial application.

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