Stability of Slash Pine Families with Major Gene and Partial Resistance to Single-Gall and Mixed-Gall Inocula of  Cronartium quercuum fusiforme in Greenhouse Studies

Karina Gramacho; Robert Schmidt; Thomas Miller

doi:10.3390/f4020488

Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas: 1969-1987

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/12.4.259 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 259-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. David Lenhart ◽

W. Thomas McGrath ◽

Terry L. Hackett

Keyword(s):

Pinus Taeda ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Slash Pine ◽

Pine Plantations ◽

East Texas ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Fusiform Rust ◽

Cronartium Quercuum ◽

Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Five surveys of pine plantations in East Texas over an 18-year period (1969-1987) indicated that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Birdsall and Snow) infection rates have increased to current levels of about 50% on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and are continuing to increase on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to 10-15% levels. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):259-261.

Rainfall and Frequency of Ferbam Sprays Important for Fusiform Rust Control

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/3.4.167 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 167-168

Author(s):

S. J. Rowan

Keyword(s):

Slash Pine ◽

Fusiform Rust ◽

Cronartium Quercuum ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Artificial Rain

Abstract Slash pine seedlings were exposed to 0, 1/4, 1/2, 1, or 2 inches of artificial rain 2, 24, 48, or 96 hours after a ferbam spray was applied at the rate of 200 gallons per acre. All seedlings were artifically inoculated with basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme two to three hours after the rain. Results indicate that ferbam should be applied every second day after 1/4 to 1/2 inch of rain, every day if more than 1/2 inch of rain occurs within 24 hours after ferbam application, and every third day if there is no rain. Ferbam sprays need not be reapplied on the same day, even after 2 inches of rain, but it is important to respray seedlings the next day.

Components of Partial Resistance in the Slash Pine-Fusiform Rust Pathosystem

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.1005 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 90 (9) ◽

pp. 1005-1010 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. A. Schmidt ◽

K. P. Gramacho ◽

T. Miller ◽

C. H. Young

Keyword(s):

Partial Resistance ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Field Trials ◽

Tree Improvement ◽

Slash Pine ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Fusiform Rust ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Family Effects ◽

Greenhouse Tests

Progeny of rust-resistant, open-pollinated slash pine families exhibited components of partial resistance in greenhouse tests. Nine-month-old seedlings of some resistant families had (i) a greater frequency of short galls (≤ 25 mm long), and (ii) fewer sporulating galls compared with other resistant and susceptible families when exposed to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme in greenhouse tests. These components of partial resistance were evident with (i) mixed- or single-gall inocula, (ii) varying inoculum concentration, and (iii) inoculation of wounds or intact tissues. Inocula effects were nonsignificant, but family effects were highly significant (P = 0.001 - 0.0001) for total galls (TG) and short galls (SG). Multivariate family means (TG-;SG clusters) were highly significant (P = 0.0001). Short galls decreased on all families with an increase in inoculum concentration. In 36 field trials (12 locations × 3 years) a family which exhibited components of partial resistance in greenhouse tests exhibited lower disease incidence (% trees infected), lower disease severity (galls per tree), and less variability in disease incidence and severity among trials compared with other resistant families. Partially resistant families would be useful for tree improvement and for research into the genetics and mechanisms of resistance in the slash pine-fusiform rust pathosystem.

Evaluation of Virulence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae Isolates

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-0708 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 708-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

M. R. Bonde ◽

S. E. Nester ◽

C. N. Austin ◽

C. L. Stone ◽

R. D. Frederick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partial Resistance ◽

Major Gene ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Agricultural Industry ◽

Time Of Year ◽

First Time ◽

The U.S

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and recently discovered for the first time in continental United States, has been of concern to the U.S. agricultural industry for more than 30 years. Since little soybean rust resistance is known, and resistance is often difficult to detect or quantitate, we initiated a project to develop a better, more quantitative, method. The methodology determined the average numbers and diameters of uredinia in lesions that developed on leaves of inoculated plants 14 days after inoculation. It was used to compare virulence of P. pachyrhizi isolates from Asia and Australia and P. meibomiae from Puerto Rico and Brazil, collected as many as 30 years earlier, with isolates of P. pachyrhizi recently collected from Africa or South America. Susceptible reactions to P. pachyrhizi resulted in tan-colored lesions containing 1 to 14 uredinia varying greatly in size within individual lesions. In contrast, on these same genotypes at the same time of year, resistance to other P. pachyrhizi isolates was typified by 0 to 6 small uredinia in reddish-brown to dark-brown lesions. Using appropriate rust resistant and rust susceptible genotypes as standards, examination of uredinia 14 days after inoculation allowed quantitative comparisons of sporulation capacities, one measure of susceptibility or resistance to soybean rust. The study verified the presence and ability to detect all known major genes for resistance to soybean rust in the original sources of resistance. It demonstrated that soybean lines derived from the original PI sources, and presumed to possess the resistance genes, in actuality may lack the gene or express an intermediate reaction to the rust pathogen. We suggest that a determination of numbers and sizes of uredinia will detect both major gene and partial resistance to soybean rust.

Comparative Histopathology of Host Reaction Types in Slash Pine Resistant to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme

Forests ◽

10.3390/f4020319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 319-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Karina Gramacho ◽

Thomas Miller ◽

Robert Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Slash Pine ◽

Host Reaction ◽

Cronartium Quercuum

Variation among somaclonal progenies from three species of Stylosanthes

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9900645 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 645 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

ID Godwin ◽

DF Cameron ◽

GH Gordon

Keyword(s):

Partial Resistance ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Major Gene ◽

Diploid Species ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Type B ◽

Regenerated Plants ◽

Race 1 ◽

Pathogenic Races ◽

Increased Susceptibility

Plants were regenerated from leaf-derived callus cultures of the diploid species Stylosanthes guianensis (four genotypes), and the tetraploid species S. scabra (four genotypes), and S. hamata (one genotype). No morphological variation was observed in the 97 regenerated plants (SC1) of S. scabra, but 23 of the 104 SC1 plants of S. hamata were sterile dwarfs. In a field experiment with 42 SC2 families of S. scabra, four were low yielding and five segregated for late flowering. Dwarfs were again found in SC2 families of S. hamata, and both high and low yielding families were observed. Glasshouse inoculations with various pathogenic races of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were performed to assess the reactions of 276 S. guianensis, 56 S. scabra and 62 S. hamata SC2 families. A major gene mutation from dominant to recessive appeared to confer increased susceptibility in S. hamata SC2 families. Eight of twelve tetraploid S. guianensis cv. Graham families exhibited partial resistance to Type B race 3 anthracnose. Two S. scabra cv. Fitzroy families segregated for reaction to Type A race 1 anthracnose. Selfed progenies (SC3 generation) of two of the three partially resistant SC2 individuals maintained their partial resistance, indicating stable inheritance. Segregation data suggested that changes in minor genes caused this variation.

A study of scab resistance in 16 apple progenies using parents with partial scab resistance

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08055 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (4) ◽

pp. 693-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C R Hampson ◽

H A Quamme ◽

P L Sholberg

Keyword(s):

Combining Ability ◽

Partial Resistance ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Major Gene ◽

Block Design ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Specific Combining Ability ◽

Scab Resistance ◽

Breeding Value

A study was conducted to examine the inheritance of partial resistance to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] using as parents a set of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars that show a range of field resistance to the disease, but are not known to carry any major-gene resistance. Akane, Alkmene, Antonovka, Carola, Chehalis, Goldgelbe, Katja and Summerred were used as pollen parents, and Spartan and an unnamed selection of Splendour × Gala parentage were used as seed parents in a factorial 2 × 8 mating design. One hundred seedlings of each family were planted in a randomized complete block design at a site with heavy annual natural scab infections. Each seedling was rated for infection severity for 3 consecutive years using a six-point categorical scale. A χ2 procedure was used to estimate the contribution of each parent to field resistance (analogous to general combining ability, GCA) and the contribution of the particular male-female combination (analogous to specific combining ability, SCA). Infection severity tended to increase over the 3 yr of the study. Antonovka and Chehalis had the highest analogous GCA for resistance (defined here as absence of sporulating lesions). Specific combining ability was present in 2 of 3 yr, but was small in magnitude relative to GCA. The field resistance of a given parent tended to be a poor predictor of its breeding value. However, 13 of the 16 families had at least 30% of seedlings with a potentially useful degree of partial resistance (low severity of infection). The results are discussed in the context of breeding apples with durable scab resistance.Key words: Fruit breeding, Malus, partial resistance, Venturia inaequalis

Detached Leaf Assays for Resistance to Crown Rust Reveal Diversity Within Populations of Avena sterilis

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-18-1045-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 832-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edyta Paczos-Grzęda ◽

Sylwia Sowa ◽

Maja Boczkowska ◽

Tim Langdon

Keyword(s):

Host Resistance ◽

Partial Resistance ◽

Major Gene ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Durable Resistance ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Crown Rust ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Avena Sterilis ◽

Detached Leaf

Crown rust is the most widespread and damaging disease of oat (Avena species). Genetic resistance to the pathogen is the preferred method for crop protection but widespread deployment of limited numbers of major effect genes has promoted the rapid emergence and spread of pathogen races that are able to overcome these genes. Combining genes with even partial resistance may help develop durable cultivars that are less vulnerable to changes in pathogen virulence. Partial resistance is expected to be relatively common in populations of wild species where constant pathogen pressure encourages diversity in host resistance mechanisms, but it may be discarded in conventional screens for major gene resistance. Here, we used a detached leaf assay to detect resistance to the crown rust pathogen, Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae, in previously uncharacterized collections of the hexaploid wild oat relative A. sterilis made by the Polish National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources. Many of the accessions were collected in Morocco, the center of diversity for the Avena genus. The detached leaf assessment allowed individual plants to be challenged with multiple pathotypes and their responses compared with 34 known differentials. Broad-spectrum resistance was identified within accession PL 51855, which behaved as a single major locus on crossing to three cultivars. The locus provided resistance to over 50 rust pathotypes, a greater range than seen for any of the known host resistance (Pc) genes. Strong resistance was identified in other accessions, and heterogeneity in response within accessions was common. Several accessions show multiple partial resistance responses that may be of value for developing durable resistance in cultivars. Because the sources of resistance in all but two differential lines were collected outside of Morocco, resistance in all accessions tested here are potentially novel. This study demonstrates that diversity within A. sterilis accessions collected in Morocco could be a very valuable source of resistance to crown rust, and it provides new germplasm for use in resistance breeding programs. Detached leaf assessment provides a valuable first step in the identification of promising candidates in complex gene bank accessions.

Partial Resistance to Melampsora larici-populina Leaf Rust in Hybrid Poplars: Genetic Variability in Inoculated Excised Leaf Disk Bioassay and Relationship with Complete Resistance

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2003.93.4.421 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 93 (4) ◽

pp. 421-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

A. Dowkiw ◽

C. Husson ◽

P. Frey ◽

J. Pinon ◽

C. Bastien

Keyword(s):

Leaf Rust ◽

Partial Resistance ◽

Populus Deltoides ◽

Major Gene ◽

Bimodal Distribution ◽

Leaf Disk ◽

Additional Information ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Residual Variation ◽

Complete Resistance

Inoculated excised leaf disk technique allows decomposition of poplar partial resistance to Melampsora larici-populina leaf rust into key epidemiological components such as latent period (LP), uredinia number (UN), uredinia size (US), and spore production (SP) for a given M. larici-populina strain under controlled environmental conditions. Three hundred thirty-six genotypes from an interspecific Populus deltoides × P. trichocarpa F1 progeny segregating for complete resistance to M. larici-populina strain 93ID6 were inoculated with M. larici-populina strain 93CV1. This strain was able to infect the whole family, except few probable recombinants. LP, final UN, and final US after one infectious cycle proved to be relevant complementary descriptors of partial resistance. Area under the disease progress curve and other parameters of uredinia appearance dynamics did not yield additional information. Indirect assessment of SP by US scoring was reliable and easy to access compared with direct spore counting. UN was the only trait for which a doubling of the inoculum pressure level had a significant effect, leading to greater differentiation between genotypes. Consistent with previous studies is the clear relationship between presence of complete resistance against M. larici-populina strain 93ID6 and higher partial resistance to M. larici-populina strain 93CV1 (32% longer LP, 76% smaller UN, and 34% smaller US). In the subpopulation compatible with 93ID6, bimodal distribution of genotypic means for US suggested implication of a major gene inherited from the P. trichocarpa parent. Residual variation was noted for the three epidemiological components, suggesting that additional genes might condition these quantitative traits.

Influence of Inoculum Concentration on Production of Spermogonia and Aecia on Pine Seedlings Infected by Basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.367 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 367-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. A. Schmidt ◽

T. Miller

Keyword(s):

Loblolly Pine ◽

Slash Pine ◽

Mating Types ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Cronartium Quercuum ◽

Pine Seedlings ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Heterogeneous Source

Seedlings of slash pine and loblolly pine inoculated with four concentrations of basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme and exhibiting large galls (≥25 mm long) were observed for spermogonial and aecial sporulation. Basidiospores from a genetically heterogeneous source at 50, 100, 1,000 and 5,000 spores/5-μl droplet were applied to the severed, succulent terminal of 6-week-old seedlings. Incidence of sporulation showing (i) spermatia (pycniospores) only, (ii) aeciospores only, (iii) spermatia and aeciospores, and (iv) absence of sporulation was recorded for 3 years. On slash pine, the percentage of seedlings showing only spermatia varied significantly and inversely with inoculum concentration. In contrast, the percentage of seedlings showing only aeciospores or aeciospores and spermatia varied directly with inoculum concentration. Results on loblolly pine were similar. It is suggested that, at low inoculum concentrations, hyphal anastomoses are limited by fewer haploid mycelia in infected tissues or fewer mating types resulting from incompatible host-parasite interactions.