scholarly journals Automatic Assessment of Crown Projection Area on Single Trees and Stand-Level, Based on Three-Dimensional Point Clouds Derived from Terrestrial Laser-Scanning

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Ritter ◽  
Arne Nothdurft
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Crown Projection Area

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF GEODATA IN DOCUMENTING CASTLE RUINS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
P. Delis ◽  
M. Wojtkowska ◽  
P. Nerc ◽  
I. Ewiak ◽  
A. Lada
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Imagery ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Different Sources

Textured three dimensional models are currently the one of the standard methods of representing the results of photogrammetric works. A realistic 3D model combines the geometrical relations between the structure’s elements with realistic textures of each of its elements. Data used to create 3D models of structures can be derived from many different sources. The most commonly used tool for documentation purposes, is a digital camera and nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Integration of data acquired from different sources allows modelling and visualization of 3D models historical structures. Additional aspect of data integration is possibility of complementing of missing points for example in point clouds. The paper shows the possibility of integrating data from terrestrial laser scanning with digital imagery and an analysis of the accuracy of the presented methods. The paper describes results obtained from raw data consisting of a point cloud measured using terrestrial laser scanning acquired from a Leica ScanStation2 and digital imagery taken using a Kodak DCS Pro 14N camera. The studied structure is the ruins of the Ilza castle in Poland.

The Advantages of Using Laser Scanners in Surveying in Protected Sites

2015 ◽  
pp. 382-402
Author(s):  
Gülhan Benli
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Point Cloud Data ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Point Data

Since the 2000s, terrestrial laser scanning, as one of the methods used to document historical edifices in protected areas, has taken on greater importance because it mitigates the difficulties associated with working on large areas and saves time while also making it possible to better understand all the particularities of the area. Through this technology, comprehensive point data (point clouds) about the surface of an object can be generated in a highly accurate three-dimensional manner. Furthermore, with the proper software this three-dimensional point cloud data can be transformed into three-dimensional rendering/mapping/modeling and quantitative orthophotographs. In this chapter, the study will present the results of terrestrial laser scanning and surveying which was used to obtain three-dimensional point clouds through three-dimensional survey measurements and scans of silhouettes of streets in Fatih in Historic Peninsula in Istanbul, which were then transposed into survey images and drawings. The study will also cite examples of the facade mapping using terrestrial laser scanning data in Istanbul Historic Peninsula Project.

Weighted Spherical Sampling of Point Clouds for Forested Scenes

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Fafard ◽  
Ali Rouzbeh Kargar ◽  
Jan van Aardt
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Spherical Coordinate ◽  
Volume Assessment

Terrestrial laser scanning systems are characterized by a sampling pattern which varies in point density across the hemisphere. Additionally, close objects are over-sampled relative to objects that are farther away. These two effects compound to potentially bias the three-dimensional statistics of measured scenes. Previous methods of sampling have resulted in a loss of structural coherence. In this article, a method of sampling is proposed to optimally sample points while preserving the structure of a scene. Points are sampled along a spherical coordinate system, with probabilities modulated by elevation angle and squared distance from the origin. The proposed approach is validated through visual comparison and stem-volume assessment in a challenging mangrove forest in Micronesia. Compared to several well-known sampling techniques, the proposed approach reduces sampling bias and shows strong performance in stem-reconstruction measurement. The proposed sampling method matched or exceeded the stem-volume measurement accuracy across a variety of tested decimation levels. On average it achieved 3.0% higher accuracy at estimating stem volume than the closest competitor. This approach shows promise for improving the evaluation of terrestrial laser-scanning data in complex scenes.

scholarly journals Automatic Mapping of Forest Stands Based on Three-Dimensional Point Clouds Derived from Terrestrial Laser-Scanning

Forests ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Ritter ◽  
Marcel Schwarz ◽  
Andreas Tockner ◽  
Friedrich Leisch ◽  
Arne Nothdurft
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Automatic Mapping

scholarly journals THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAPPING OF AN ANCIENT CAVE PAINTINGS USING CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W3 ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Majid ◽  
M. F. M. Ariff ◽  
K. M. Idris ◽  
A. R. Yusoff ◽  
K. M. Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Cave Paintings ◽  
Close Range

The paper describes the used of close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning technologies as an innovative technology for acquiring the three-dimensional data of an ancient cave paintings. The close-range photogrammetry technology used in the research was divided in two categories which are the UAV-based close-range photogrammetry and the terrestrialbased close-range photogrammetry. The UAV-based technology involved with the used of calibrated Phantom 4 System while the terrestrial-based technology involved with the calibrated Sony F828 digital camera and pPhotoModeler software. Both stereo and convergent image acquisition techniques were used to acquire the images of the paintings. The ancient cave paintings were also recorded using terrestrial laser scanning technology. In the research, the FARO Focus 3D terrestrial laser scanner was used to capture the three-dimensional point clouds and images of the paintings. The finding shows that both close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning technologies provide excellent solutions to map and to record the ancient paintings. As compared to the conventional method, both close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning technology provide a noncontact solution for data acquisition and the data was recorded in digital format for better protection and security.

scholarly journals THE SUITABILITY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR BUILDING SURVEY AND MAPPING APPLICATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. S. Russhakim ◽  
M. F. M. Ariff ◽  
Z. Majid ◽  
K. M. Idris ◽  
N. Darwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Complex Building ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2D Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The popularity of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) has been introduced into a field of surveying and has increased dramatically especially in producing the 3D model of the building. The used of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is becoming rapidly popular because of its ability in several applications, especially the ability to observe complex documentation of complex building and observe millions of point cloud in three-dimensional in a short period. Users of building plan usually find it difficult to translate the traditional two-dimensional (2D) data on maps they see on a flat piece of paper to three-dimensional (3D). The TLS is able to record thousands of point clouds which contains very rich of geometry details and made the processing usually takes longer time. In addition, the demand of building survey work has made the surveyors need to obtain the data with full of accuracy and time saves. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the limitation uses of TLS and its suitability for building survey and mapping. In this study, the efficiency of TLS Leica C10 for building survey was determined in term of its accuracy and comparing with Zeb-Revo Handheld Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and the distometer. The accuracy for scanned data from both, TLS and MLS were compared with the Distometer by using root mean square error (RMSE) formula. Then, the 3D model of the building for both data, TLS and MLS were produced to analyze the visualization for different type of scanners. The software used; Autodesk Recap, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone Software, Autocad Software and Geo Slam Software. The RMSE for TLS technique is 0.001<span class="thinspace"></span>m meanwhile, RMSE for MLS technique is 0.007<span class="thinspace"></span>m. The difference between these two techniques is 0.006<span class="thinspace"></span>m. The 3D model of building for both models did not have too much different but the scanned data from TLS is much easier to process and generate the 3D model compared to scanned data from MLS. It is because the scanned data from TLS comes with an image, while none from MLS scanned data. There are limitations of TLS for building survey such as water and glass window but this study proved that acquiring data by TLS is better than using MLS.</p>

scholarly journals THE SUITABILITY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR STRATA BUILDING

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W9 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
N. A. S. Russhakim ◽  
M. F. M. Ariff ◽  
N. Darwin ◽  
Z. Majid ◽  
K. M. Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Complex Building ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2D Data ◽  
Better Than

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> During the recent years, the used of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is becoming rapidly popular because of its ability in several applications, especially the ability to observe complex documentation of complex building and observe millions of point cloud in three-dimensional in a short period. Users of strata plan usually find it difficult to translate the traditional two-dimensional (2D) data on maps they see on a flat piece of paper to three-dimensional (3D). The TLS is able to record thousands of point clouds which contains very rich of geometry details and made the processing usually takes longer time. In addition, the demand of strata survey work has made the surveyors need to obtain the data with full of accuracy and time saves. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the limitation uses of TLS and its suitability for strata building survey. In this study, the efficiency of TLS Leica C10 for strata building survey was determined in term of its accuracy and comparing with Zeb-Revo Handheld Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and the distometer. The accuracy for scanned data from both, TLS and MLS were compared with the Distometer by using root mean square error (RMSE) formula. Then, the 3D model of the building for both data, TLS and MLS were produced to analyze the visualization for different type of scanners. The software used; Autodesk Recap, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone Software, Autocad Software and Geo Slam Software. The RMSE for TLS technique is 0.001m meanwhile, RMSE for MLS technique is 0.007<span class="thinspace"></span>m. The difference between these two techniques is 0.006<span class="thinspace"></span>m. The 3D model of building for both models did not have too much different but the scanned data from TLS is much easier to process and generate the 3D model compared to scanned data from MLS. It is because the scanned data from TLS comes with an image, while none from MLS scanned data. There are limitations of TLS for strata building survey such as water and glass window but this study proved that acquiring data by TLS is better than using MLS.</p>

scholarly journals INTEGRATION OF GEODATA IN DOCUMENTING CASTLE RUINS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Delis ◽  
M. Wojtkowska ◽  
P. Nerc ◽  
I. Ewiak ◽  
A. Lada
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Imagery ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Different Sources

Textured three dimensional models are currently the one of the standard methods of representing the results of photogrammetric works. A realistic 3D model combines the geometrical relations between the structure’s elements with realistic textures of each of its elements. Data used to create 3D models of structures can be derived from many different sources. The most commonly used tool for documentation purposes, is a digital camera and nowadays terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Integration of data acquired from different sources allows modelling and visualization of 3D models historical structures. Additional aspect of data integration is possibility of complementing of missing points for example in point clouds. The paper shows the possibility of integrating data from terrestrial laser scanning with digital imagery and an analysis of the accuracy of the presented methods. The paper describes results obtained from raw data consisting of a point cloud measured using terrestrial laser scanning acquired from a Leica ScanStation2 and digital imagery taken using a Kodak DCS Pro 14N camera. The studied structure is the ruins of the Ilza castle in Poland.

scholarly journals The Implications of M3C2 Projection Diameter on 3D Semi-Automated Rockfall Extraction from Sequential Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Mark DiFrancesco ◽  
David Bonneau ◽  
D. Jean Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Rock Slope ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Computation Method ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Optimal Projection

Rockfall inventories are essential to quantify a rockfall activity and characterize the hazard. Terrestrial laser scanning and advancements in processing algorithms have resulted in three-dimensional (3D) semi-automatic extraction of rockfall events, permitting detailed observations of evolving rock masses. Currently, multiscale model-to-model cloud comparison (M3C2) is the most widely used distance computation method used in the geosciences to evaluate 3D changing features, considering the time-sequential spatial information contained in point clouds. M3C2 operates by computing distances using points that are captured within a projected search cylinder, which is locally oriented. In this work, we evaluated the effect of M3C2 projection diameter on the extraction of 3D rockfalls and the resulting implications on rockfall volume and shape. Six rockfall inventories were developed for a highly active rock slope, each utilizing a different projection diameter which ranged from two to ten times the point spacing. The results indicate that the greatest amount of change is extracted using an M3C2 projection diameter equal to, or slightly larger than, the point spacing, depending on the variation in point spacing. When the M3C2 projection diameter becomes larger than the changing area on the rock slope, the change cannot be identified and extracted. Inventory summaries and illustrations depict the influence of spatial averaging on the semi-automated rockfall extraction, and suggestions are made for selecting the optimal projection diameter. Recommendations are made to improve the methods used to semi-automatically extract rockfall from sequential point clouds.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF TUNNEL EXCAVATION COMBINING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING POINT CLOUDS AND DESIGN MODELS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2021 ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Y. Zhou ◽  
Z. Dong ◽  
P. Tong ◽  
B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Tunnel Excavation ◽  
Design Models ◽  
3D Point Clouds

Abstract. The quality of tunnel excavation is evaluated by comparing the excavated tunnel and the design model. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides surveyors with dense and accurate three-dimensional (3D) point clouds for excavation model reconstruction. However, sufficient attention has not been paid to incorporating design models for tunnel point cloud processing. In this paper, a technical framework that combines TLS point clouds and the design model for tunnel excavation evaluation is proposed. Firstly, the point clouds are sliced into cross-sections and the feature points are accordingly extracted. Then, considering the structure of the design model, feature point deficiencies are repaired by topological and parametric model interpolation. Finally, the excavation quality is evaluated in terms of the deviation of centerlines and 3D models. This method is validated in the case study. Experiments show that the deviation of centerline azimuth is acceptable but there remain considerable overbreak and underbreak, which respectively account for 20.6% and 11.2% of the design excavation volume.

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