scholarly journals An I for an A: Dynamic Regulation of Adenosine Deamination-Mediated RNA Editing

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1026
Author(s):  
Cornelia Vesely ◽  
Michael F. Jantsch
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Altered Physiology ◽  
Adenosine Deamination ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Pathogen Exposure ◽  
Different Tissues

RNA-editing by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) converts adenosines to inosines in structured RNAs. Inosines are read as guanosines by most cellular machineries. A to I editing has two major functions: first, marking endogenous RNAs as “self”, therefore helping the innate immune system to distinguish repeat- and endogenous retrovirus-derived RNAs from invading pathogenic RNAs; and second, recoding the information of the coding RNAs, leading to the translation of proteins that differ from their genomically encoded versions. It is obvious that these two important biological functions of ADARs will differ during development, in different tissues, upon altered physiological conditions or after exposure to pathogens. Indeed, different levels of ADAR-mediated editing have been observed in different tissues, as a response to altered physiology or upon pathogen exposure. In this review, we describe the dynamics of A to I editing and summarize the known and likely mechanisms that will lead to global but also substrate-specific regulation of A to I editing.

Artificial RNA Editing with ADAR for Gene Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Bhakta ◽  
Toshifumi Tsukahara
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Hydrolytic Deamination

Editing mutated genes is a potential way for the treatment of genetic diseases. G-to-A mutations are common in mammals and can be treated by adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, a type of substitutional RNA editing. The molecular mechanism of A-to-I editing involves the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to an inosine base; this reaction is mediated by RNA-specific deaminases, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), family protein. Here, we review recent findings regarding the application of ADARs to restoring the genetic code along with different approaches involved in the process of artificial RNA editing by ADAR. We have also addressed comparative studies of various isoforms of ADARs. Therefore, we will try to provide a detailed overview of the artificial RNA editing and the role of ADAR with a focus on the enzymatic site directed A-to-I editing.

scholarly journals Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing may be implicated in human pathogenesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
AA Kliuchnikova ◽  
SA Moshkovskii
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Human Transcriptome ◽  
Sequencing Technologies

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a common mechanism of post-transcriptional modification in many metazoans including vertebrates; the process is catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Using high-throughput sequencing technologies resulted in finding thousands of RNA editing sites throughout the human transcriptome however, their functions are still poorly understood. The aim of this brief review is to draw attention of clinicians and biomedical researchers to ADAR-mediated RNA editing phenomenon and its possible implication in development of neuropathologies, antiviral immune responses and cancer.

scholarly journals Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA, RNA Editing, and Interferon Action

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril X. George ◽  
Zhenji Gan ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Charles E. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases

Dynamic regulation of the voltage-gated Kv2.1 potassium channel by multisite phosphorylation

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1064-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Mohapatra ◽  
K.-S. Park ◽  
J.S. Trimmer
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Delayed Rectifier ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Specific Regulation

Voltage-gated K+ channels are key regulators of neuronal excitability. The Kv2.1 voltage-gated K+ channel is the major delayed rectifier K+ channel expressed in most central neurons, where it exists as a highly phosphorylated protein. Kv2.1 plays a critical role in homoeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability through its activity- and calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation. Here, we review studies leading to the identification and functional characterization of in vivo Kv2.1 phosphorylation sites, a subset of which contribute to graded modulation of voltage-dependent gating. These findings show that distinct developmental-, cell- and state-specific regulation of phosphorylation at specific sites confers a diversity of functions on Kv2.1 that is critical to its role as a regulator of intrinsic neuronal excitability.

scholarly journals Developmental atlas of the RNA editome in Sus scrofa skeletal muscle

DNA Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalan Yang ◽  
Min Zhu ◽  
Xinhao Fan ◽  
Yilong Yao ◽  
Junyu Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Bisulphite Sequencing ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Gain Loss

AbstractAdenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing meditated by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) enzymes is a widespread post-transcriptional event in mammals. However, A-to-I editing in skeletal muscle remains poorly understood. By integrating strand-specific RNA-seq, whole genome bisulphite sequencing, and genome sequencing data, we comprehensively profiled the A-to-I editome in developing skeletal muscles across 27 prenatal and postnatal stages in pig, an important farm animal and biomedical model. We detected 198,892 A-to-I editing sites and found that they occurred more frequently at prenatal stages and showed low conservation among pig, human, and mouse. Both the editing level and frequency decreased during development and were positively correlated with ADAR enzymes expression. The hyper-edited genes were functionally related to the cell cycle and cell division. A co-editing module associated with myogenesis was identified. The developmentally differential editing sites were functionally enriched in genes associated with muscle development, their editing levels were highly correlated with expression of their host mRNAs, and they potentially influenced the gain/loss of miRNA binding sites. Finally, we developed a database to visualize the Sus scrofa RNA editome. Our study presents the first profile of the dynamic A-to-I editome in developing animal skeletal muscle and provides evidences that RNA editing is a vital regulator of myogenesis.

scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Dynamic regulation of Z-DNA in the mouse prefrontal cortex by the RNA-editing enzyme Adar1 is required for fear extinction

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1034-1034
Author(s):  
Paul R. Marshall ◽  
Qiongyi Zhao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Ambika Periyakaruppiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Z Dna ◽  
Editing Enzyme

RNA editing and its impact on GABAA receptor function

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chammiran Daniel ◽  
Marie Öhman
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Protein Diversity ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
The Impact

A-to-I (adenosine-to-inosine) RNA editing catalysed by the ADARs (adenosine deaminases that act on RNA) is a post-transcriptional event that contributes to protein diversity in metazoans. In mammalian neuronal ion channels, editing alters functionally important amino acids and creates receptor subtypes important for the development of the nervous system. The excitatory AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) and kainate glutamate receptors, as well as the inhibitory GABAA [GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) type A] receptor, are subject to A-to-I RNA editing. Editing affects several features of the receptors, including kinetics, subunit assembly and cell-surface expression. Here, we discuss the regulation of editing during brain maturation and the impact of RNA editing on the expression of different receptor subtypes.

RNA editing by adenosine deaminases generates RNA and protein diversity

Biochimie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 791-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Schaub ◽  
Walter Keller
Keyword(s):  
Rna Editing ◽  
Protein Diversity ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases

scholarly journals A disrupted RNA editing balance mediated by ADARs (Adenosine DeAminases that act on RNA) in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Gut ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Hon Man Chan ◽  
Chi Ho Lin ◽  
Lihua Qi ◽  
Jing Fei ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Adenosine Deaminases

scholarly journals Aurora B is required for programmed variations of cytokinesis during morphogenesis in the C. elegans embryo

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Bai ◽  
Po-Yi Lee ◽  
Chin-Yi Chen ◽  
James R. Simmons ◽  
Benjamin Nebenfuehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Aurora B ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Aurora B Kinase ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cellular Architecture ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Different Tissues

AbstractWhile cytokinesis has been intensely studied, how it is executed during development is not well understood, despite a long-standing appreciation that various aspects of cytokinesis vary across cell and tissue types. To address this, we investigated cytokinesis during the invariant C. elegans embryo lineage and found several reproducibly altered parameters at different stages. During early divisions, furrow ingression asymmetry and midbody inheritance is consistent, suggesting specific regulation of these events. During morphogenesis, we find several unexpected alterations including migration of midbodies to the apical surface during epithelial polarization in different tissues. Aurora B kinase, which is essential for several aspects of cytokinesis, remains localized to the apical membrane after internalization of other midbody components. Inactivation of Aurora B causes cytokinesis failure, which disrupts polarization and tissue formation. Therefore, cytokinesis shows surprising diversity during development and is required during epithelial polarization to establish cellular architecture during morphogenesis.

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