scholarly journals Federalists and the Beginnings of the Council of Europe: Converting Institutions and Opinion to Supranationality (1949–1951)

Histories ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Bertrand Vayssière
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Total Agreement

In 1949, it seemed that Western governments were ready to accept some delegation of sovereignty, which met the ambitions of increasingly well-organised Europeanists. One of the most ambitious advances was the proposal for a European Assembly, which could have heralded the beginning of an integration process. However, on this point, as on many others, there was not total agreement between the unionists and the federalists: for some, the Assembly was simply a co-operation structure, while others thought it should be a constituent body. The federalists—who had been united since December 1946 within the European Union of Federalists (EUF), which claimed to have no fewer than 150,000 members—were very demanding. After the adoption of the Statute of the Council of Europe on 5 May 1949, the EUF Central Committee approved a “motion on the Consultative Assembly” in which it openly demanded the drafting of a federal pact that would lead to real European power. Faced with the modest intergovernmental status of the Council of Europe, the EUF proposed that the Assembly of this Council should be transformed from a “consultative” to a “constituent” assembly, which amounted to condemning any kind of conciliatory attitude. Therefore, the constituent path was becoming more and more important within the federalist organisation: it was now a matter of pressing, without restraint, for the triumph of ideals freed from initial reluctance, in the most diverse forums. The most important of these remained the Council of Europe, which was, in the eyes of the federalists, an institution that could be improved. Defending an integrated Europe, the federalists called for the creation of a democratic power on the scale of the challenges of the time, which seemed to them to exceed that of the nation states. To achieve this, they defended a “political” vision of integration, of which the Council of Europe could be the spearhead. It is this struggle, which took place at a time when the construction of Europe seems to be based on a simple but firm act of will, that this article will examine.

scholarly journals “A Europe of Homelands or Homeland Europe” – Contemporary Limitations of the Idea of the Federalisation of the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Natalia Sienko Natalia Sienko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Member States ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Individual Approach ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Creation

In this article, the author touches on the evolution of the European integration process, trying to capture the essence of the idea of federalisation on the way to the creation of the European Union. The theoretical narrative within federal thoughts is complemented by contemporary limitations both in the formal acceptance of the idea of federalisation of the European Union and in the informal “pole organizing the imagination” as mentioned by T. Mazowiecki. The main narrative, therefore, concerns the division of the field of EU integration between the analysis of structural limitations of the idea of federalisation of the European Union, including the system and jurisdictions of nation states, as well as ideational limitations, individual approach of the Member States to the integration process or the electoral success of Eurosceptics.

scholarly journals Les Conditions D’Approfondissement de L’Union Européenne

Federalism-E ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
European Community ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Main Assumption ◽  
The Creation

Since the creation of the first European Community in 1951, countries of Europe have somewhat integrated somewhat their political and economic realms into one supranational entity. It has been observed by some that throughout the integration process, economic factors, rather than political factors, have dominated the integration of Europe. This main assumption is challenged by the author in this article. However, if the alleged predominance of the economy in European integration is proven, further questions regarding the conditions for a authentic political integration of the European Union, more than 50 years after its creation, will be assessed.[...]

scholarly journals Integrating the Öresund – What Kind of Region?

Federalism-E ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Valgerdur Bjarnadóttir ◽  
Damian Gadzinowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nation States

The last fifty years in Europe has brought an increased co-operation between nation states and the birth of a considerable supranational institutional level. The most advanced cooperation has developed within the European Union. The set of mutual interactions between the European and national levels, known as a two-level game, had remained the core of cooperation and integration process until the 1990s. Since then a third level has evolved, namely the regional one. Regionalization as an answer to ‘Europeization’ or more broadly speaking – Globalization – has changed the traditional way of cooperation; however it must be said that it is a process of which the outcome is unknown. Regions, generally speaking, still do not enjoy enough power to be able to constitute as much influential body (the Committee of Regions) as the European Parliament. Nevertheless the tendency to give power down to regions is on its way.[...]

scholarly journals Uniting Europe: The Council of Europe's Unfinished Mission

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Brummer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Building Block ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Legal Space

The Council of Europe (CoE) is an essential building block of the European integration process. However, the organisation is confronted with fundamental challenges relating to the erosion of its core principles, the overload of the ECHR system and the expansion of the European Union. These developments put the CoE's future in jeopardy. Yet, there are three reasons why the organisation should have a future: the CoE has the potential to become the key forum for dialogue between Europe and Russia, it could make further contributions to a European stability policy, and it could continue to build a pan-European legal space.

scholarly journals Internationalization of Universities: 70 Years of Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe creation of the IAU 70 years ago was one of the consequences of evolving international life following the Second World War. This featured the evolution of organizations such as the United Nations, UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the European Union. In higher education, new international policies led to the internationalization of universities (Altbach, 2010). From the beginning, the IAU became one of the international platforms where universities exchanged experiences and built relations. In the acting strategy of IAU adopted in 2016, internationalization is one of the four priorities.

Preamble/Recitals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfried Tilmann
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Member States ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods ◽  
The Creation

CONSIDERING that cooperation amongst the Member States of the European Union in the field of patents contributes significantly to the integration process in Europe, in particular to the establishment of an internal market within the European Union characterised by the free movement of goods and services and the creation of a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted;

scholarly journals An introduction to national biographical dictionaries renovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Mikel Urquijo ◽  
Joseba Agirreazkuenaga
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nation States ◽  
National Memory ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation

The aim of this paper is to take part in the debate about the future of national biographies today. In this sense, we analyse national biographical dictionaries as instruments for the creation of national memory and as a foundation in the processes of building nation-states. We analyse the origin and development of national biographical dictionaries in the context of the evolution of biography. We initially observe the elements that condition dictionaries: the geographical and chronological framework in which they are developed, the criteria for selecting the personages whose biographies are to be written and for selecting biographers, the structure and sources of the biographies. At present, this model of dictionaries and national memory is being put into question by the emergence of new nationalisms and by the superseding of nations in new supranational bodies like the European Union. Finally, based on the above, we set out a proposal for renovating these works in the XXI century.

scholarly journals Multiple Visioning: New Ways of Constructing Transnational Spatial Visions

10.1068/c37m ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wil Zonneveld
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Social Constructs ◽  
Elementary Processes ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
The Creation

In many parts of Europe, but also at the level of the European Union and the much higher level of the Council of Europe, the creation of spatial visions is now underway. However, these spatial visions often lack an essential ingredient of spatial planning, namely maps. This omission may seem paradoxical, because maps are essential for communicating ideas with a spatial dimension. The vast spatial and political complexities at transnational and European levels are addressed by elementary processes of visioning and mapmaking. Because maps are social constructs, no single, optimal map will exist. Transnational visioning therefore implies the creation of multiple maps and multiple visions.

The European Union and the Council of Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 267-314
Author(s):  
Steven Gow Calabresi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Nation States ◽  
European Court ◽  
Size Population ◽  
The Eu

This chapter discusses two final supranational mixed civil law and common law jurisdictions, which are comparable in size, population, and GDP to the United States of America, to India, to the former British Empire, and to Brazil. These jurisdictions had two common law members prior to Brexit becoming a reality in 2020: the United Kingdom and Ireland. These two supranational jurisdictions are, of course, the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe. The origins and growth of the power of judicial review in the EU is a very complicated tale of federalism umpiring giving rise to judicial power. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) successfully asserted its power between 1963 and 1989 to hear individual rights claims, as it enlisted the member courts of the EU over that period of time in the project of enforcing EU law as being supreme over the later-in-time law of the EU nation-states. The ECJ persuaded the national courts of the EU’s member states that (1) EU law had a direct effect in the member nations, and (2) that EU law was supreme over the post-1958 laws enacted by the EU member nations. The chapter then explains the origins and growth in power of the Council of Europe’s European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). This enterprise began for rights from wrongs reasons and has grown in power for supranational umpiring reasons.

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