scholarly journals Place Effects and Chronic Disease Rates in a Rural State: Evidence from a Triangulation of Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6676
Author(s):  
Mohamed Shabani Kariburyo ◽  
Lauri Andress ◽  
Alan Collins ◽  
Paul Kinder
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Access To Food

High rates of chronic diseases and increasing nutritional polarization between different income groups in the United States are issues of concern to policymakers and public health officials. Spatial differences in access to food are mainly blamed as the cause for these nutritional inequalities. This study first detected hot and cold spots of food providers in West Virginia and then used those places in a quasi-experimental method (entropy balancing) to study the effects of those places on diabetes and obesity rates. We found that although hot spots have lower rates of chronic diseases than non-hot spots and cold spots have higher rates of chronic diseases than non-cold spots—the situation is complicated. With the findings of income induced chronic disease rates in urban areas, where most hot spots are located, there is evidence of another case for "food swamps." However, in cold spots which are located mainly in rural areas, higher rates of chronic diseases are attributed to a combination of access to food providers along with lacking the means (i.e., income for low-income households) to form healthier habits.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Abstract Background Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. Methods The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with chronic disease were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. Results In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. Conclusions We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

Young People and Disadvantaged Environments in Affluent Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Visser
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Rural Environments

Many social scientists over the last decades have focused on the question of the impacts of poverty on people. Studies in this field primarily examine the effects of social, cultural, and economic resources and structural factors on the development, social outcomes, and well-being of an individual. In the last decades, scholarly interest has increasingly focused on poverty among children and adolescents (hereafter “young people”). Young people are seen as a nation’s future, which forms a reason for societal concern with their well-being and developmental outcomes. In addition, scholars increasingly acknowledge that poverty is multidimensional and heterogenous: the effects of poverty differ according to personal characteristics such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, or disability, but they are also exemplified by the disadvantaged environments in which young people find themselves, such as dysfunctional families, deprived neighborhoods, and low-quality schools. This article gives an overview of the most important works in the field of the effects of poverty and disadvantaged environments on young people (0–18 years of age). As the nature of poverty differs significantly between affluent countries and low-income developing countries, this review is focused on studies in the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Given the fact that disadvantage, and the different effects thereof on young people, can be approached from the perspectives offered by different social sciences, publications from geography, sociology, social work, anthropology, economics, and (environmental) psychology are included in this review. This article departs from the idea of ecological models, assuming that poverty impacts children within their various contexts such as the home, school, and neighborhood. After presenting general works on poverty among young people, attention is given to the impacts of disadvantages in home, neighborhood, and school environments. Most studies that are discussed in this review deal with disadvantage in urban areas, reflecting the focus of the overall literature in affluent countries. However, poverty and disadvantage also differ between urban and rural environments. Therefore, the article ends with an overview of literature on poverty among young people in rural areas.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Obstructive

Abstract Background: Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai.Methods: The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables.Results: In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination.Conclusions: We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Obstructive

Abstract Background: Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. Methods: The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. Results: In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. Conclusions: We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Abstract Background Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. Methods The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with chronic disease were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. Results In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. Conclusions We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang(Former Corresponding Author) ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Obstructive

Abstract Background: Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. Methods: The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. Results: In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. Conclusions: We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage with the Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccine Among Persons with Chronic Diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Wang ◽  
Minna Cheng ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qinghua Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronic Disease Management ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Chronic Obstructive

Abstract Background:Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. Methods:The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. Results:In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70-79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. Conclusions:We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired.

Screening mammography in southeastern Kentucky: Is it a predictor of ongoing health disparities?

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (27_suppl) ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Raymond Elsoueidi ◽  
Elias Hanna ◽  
Mark Dignan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Mammography ◽  
The State ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Southeastern Part

28 Background: Studies have shown that women living in rural areas have a significantly lower rate of screening mammography than women living in urban areas. Despite the dramatic improvement in the use of screening mammography in the United States, disparities are still present. Southeastern Kentucky is a rural area with a low income population and barriers such as distance and lack of public transportation to access health care. We reviewed the use of screening mammography in this population. Methods: Data for women age 50 and older who did not have a screening mammography within the past 2 years were obtained from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system for the years 2000 through 2008. Results: The rates of screening mammography in the state of Kentucky for women age 50 and older ranged from 77% in 2000 to77.6% in 2008. The rates for urban areas in Kentucky ranged from 79.5% in 2000 to 79.4% in 2008 and those for the rural southeastern part of the state ranged from 62.6 % in 2000 to 63.7 in 2008. On average, the rates of screening mammography in southeastern Kentucky were 23% lower than state rates from 2000-2008, a difference that is statistically significant (p<.05). Additionally, from 2000 to 2008 there was no statistically significant improvement in the rates of screening mammography in southeastern Kentucky. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the rates of participation in screening mammography are substantially lower in rural southeastern Kentucky. Continued efforts are needed to improve understanding the factors that contribute to these low rates and to help develop interventions to overcome the obstacles for obtaining screening mammography in rural populations.

Implementing Play Streets in Low-Income Rural Communities in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483992095722
Author(s):  
Keshia M. Pollack Porter ◽  
Christina N. Bridges Hamilton ◽  
M. Renée Umstattd Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Play ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Temporary Closure

Play streets involve the temporary closure of streets that for a specified time create a safe place for active play. Play streets have been implemented primarily in cities; it is unknown if they could be adapted and implemented in rural areas. To learn about implementation, core components of play streets and inform adaptation, we conducted systematic peer-reviewed and grey literature searches and interviews with a purposive sample of key informants. Data were analyzed by theme and used to inform implementation of play streets by four community organizations in low-income rural areas of Maryland, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas from June to September 2017. Core elements of play streets in urban areas were present in rural settings—the content (e.g., activities offered), delivery of the intervention in partnership with community members and local organizations, and reoccurrence of play streets at a single location. There were three key adaptations relating to delivery and context to consider uniquely when implementing play streets in rural areas (1) using locations other than streets, (2) varying locations to account for geographic dispersion, and (3) maximizing participation and resources by coupling play streets with community events. Play streets can be successfully implemented in rural settings with these modifications, which support feasibility, reach, and access. Play streets in rural areas should include activities for active play that are age-appropriate and fun, without necessarily tailoring content for rural areas.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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