Test–Retest Reliability of a Conventional Gait Model for Registering Joint Angles during Initial Contact and Toe-Off in Healthy Subjects

The aim of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of a conventional gait model (CGM), the Plug-in Gait model, to calculate the angles of the hip, knee, and ankle during initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO). Gait analysis was performed using the Vicon Motion System® (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK). The study group consisted of 50 healthy subjects. To evaluate the test–retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the minimal detectable change (MDC), and the Bland–Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement were calculated. The ICC for the joint angles of the hip, knee, and ankle was higher than 0.80. However, the ankle angle at IC had an ICC lower than 0.80. The SEM was <5° for all parameters. The MDC was large (>5°) for the hip angle at IC. The Bland–Altman analysis indicated that the magnitude of divergence was between ±5° and ±9° at IC and around ±7° at TO. In conclusion, the ICC for the plug-in gait model was good for the hip, knee, and ankle angles during IC and TO. The plots revealed a disagreement between measurements that should be considered in patients’ clinical assessments.

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Can EOS imaging substitute traditional AP pelvis radiographs? A Comparative study

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120s00260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967120S0026

Author(s):

Jenna Powell ◽

Romie Gibly ◽

Wade Faulk ◽

Stephanie Watson Mayer ◽

Courtney Michelle O’Donnell

Keyword(s):

Imaging System ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Young Patients ◽

Altman Analysis ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Bland Altman Analysis ◽

Center Edge ◽

Eos Imaging ◽

Acetabular Morphology ◽

Test Retest Reliability

INTRODUCTION: Young patients followed for hip disorders often require serial imaging and incur significant radiation to the abdomen and pelvis. The EOS imaging system offers a low-radiation alternative. However, consistency with radiographic parameters from conventional radiographs (CR) have not been studied. We evaluated the reliability and validity of EOS imaging in comparison to CR in evaluating acetabular morphology. METHODS: 48 hips (27 patients, 66.67% female, 14.4 ± 3.6 years old), indicated for open hip preservation procedure between 2015-2017, which had both EOS imaging and AP pelvis CR taken pre-operatively were examined. Both symptomatic and contralateral hips were measured, excluding hips with prior osteotomies. Three orthopaedic surgeons measured Tonnis angle, lateral center edge angle (LCEA), acetabular depth ratio (ADR), and extrusion index (EI) in both imaging modalities. Images were measured twice, two weeks apart. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate test-retest agreement and inter-modality agreement. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability was excellent for all raters on all tests (ICC range 0.8047 to 0.9714). Inter-rater reliability was also excellent for all measures on both modalities (ICC range 0.8593 to 0.9547). ICC values were consistent across EOS and CR. By Bland-Altman analysis, test-retest agreement was high, with no statistically significant mean differences in any test or modality (p > 0.6) except LCEA measured on EOS images (p = 0.02), which was 1.16° lower. Tonnis angle (p < 0.005) and ADR (p < 0.001) were statistically different from EOS to CR. Bias was also not uni-directional across tests: LCEA and ADR were, on average, higher on CR while Tonnis angle and EI were, on average, higher on EOS images. Reliability between the EOS and CR images was excellent for all raters on all tests (ICC range 0.8402 to 0.9458). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: LCEA, ADR, EI, and Tonnis angle have consistently high test-retest reliability, test-retest agreement, and inter-observer reliability in both EOS imaging and CR to evaluate acetabular morphology. Inter-modality disagreement was observed between EOS and CR, but the difference was small and likely not clinically significant. When establishing acetabular morphology, these results suggest that EOS may provide an opportunity to minimize radiation exposure for patients followed long-term for hip pathology while maintaining the accuracy of diagnostic measures. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

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Cross-cultural translation and validation of the Spanish version of the patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis subscale of the KOOS (KOOS-PF)

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-021-05619-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juan Pablo Martinez-Cano ◽

Daniel Vernaza-Obando ◽

Julián Chica ◽

Andrés Mauricio Castro

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Patellofemoral Pain ◽

Spanish Version ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Global Rating ◽

Minimal Important Change ◽

Specific Patient ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to translate to Spanish the patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis subscale of the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS-PF) and validate this Spanish version of a disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for patellofemoral pain. Results The KOOS-PF was translated to Spanish and sixty patients with patellofemoral pain and/or osteoarthritis accepted to complete the questionnaire. 1-week later 58 patients answered the questions again for the test–retest reliability validation and finally 55 patients completed 1-month later for the responsiveness assessment. The Spanish version showed very good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.93) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.82). Responsiveness was confirmed, showing a strong correlation with the global rating of change (GROC) score (r 0.64). The minimal detectable change was 11.1 points, the minimal important change was 17.2 points, and there were no floor or ceiling effects for the score.

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Test–Retest Reliability of the Mini-BESTest in People With Mild to Moderate Multiple Sclerosis

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/pzab045 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A Wallin ◽

M Kierkegaard ◽

E Franzén ◽

S Johansson

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Measurement Errors ◽

Balance Control ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Objective The mini-BESTest is a balance measure for assessment of the underlying physiological systems for balance control in adults. Evaluations of test–retest reliability of the mini-BESTest in larger samples of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate test–retest reliability of the mini-BESTest total and section sum scores and individual items in people with mild to moderate overall MS disability. Methods This study used a test–retest design in a movement laboratory setting. Fifty-four people with mild to moderate overall MS disability according to the Expanded Disability Status scale (EDSS) were included, with 28 in the mild subgroup (EDSS 2.0–3.5) and 26 in the moderate subgroup (EDSS 4.0–5.5). Test–retest reliability of the mini-BESTest was evaluated by repeated measurements taken 1 week apart. Reliability and measurement error were analyzed. Results Test–retest reliability for the total scores were considered good to excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients of .88 for the whole sample, .83 for the mild MS subgroup, and .80 for the moderate MS subgroup. Measurement errors were small, with standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of 1.3 and 3.5, respectively, in mild MS, and 1.7 and 4.7, respectively, in moderate MS. The limits of agreement were − 3.4 and 4.6. Test–retest reliability for the section scores were fair to good or excellent; weighted kappa values ranged from .62 to .83. All items but 1 showed fair to good or excellent test–retest reliability, and percentage agreement ranged from 61% to 100%. Conclusions The mini-BESTest demonstrated good to excellent test–retest reliability and small measurement errors and is recommended for use in people with mild to moderate MS. Impact Knowledge of limits of agreement and minimal detectable change contribute to interpretability of the mini-BESTest total score. The findings of this study enhance the clinical usefulness of the test for evaluation of balance control and for designing individually customized balance training with high precision and accuracy in people with MS.

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Psychometric Analysis of an Ecological Vocal Effort Scale in Individuals With and Without Vocal Hyperfunction During Activities of Daily Living

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2021_ajslp-21-00111 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Katherine L. Marks ◽

Alessandra Verdi ◽

Laura E. Toles ◽

Kaila L. Stipancic ◽

Andrew J. Ortiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Muscle Tension ◽

Voice Rehabilitation ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Vocal Hyperfunction ◽

Before And After ◽

Vocal Effort ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of an ecological vocal effort scale linked to a voicing task. Method Thirty-eight patients with nodules, 18 patients with muscle tension dysphonia, and 45 vocally healthy control individuals participated in a week of ambulatory voice monitoring. A global vocal status question was asked hourly throughout the day. Participants produced a vowel–consonant–vowel syllable string and rated the vocal effort needed to produce the task on a visual analog scale. Test–retest reliability was calculated for a subset using the intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC(A, 1). Construct validity was assessed by (a) comparing the weeklong vocal effort ratings between the patient and control groups and (b) comparing weeklong vocal effort ratings before and after voice rehabilitation in a subset of 25 patients. Cohen's d, the standard error of measurement ( SEM ), and the minimal detectable change (MDC) assessed sensitivity. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) assessed responsiveness. Results Test–retest reliability was excellent, ICC(A, 1) = .96. Weeklong mean effort was statistically higher in the patients than in controls ( d = 1.62) and lower after voice rehabilitation ( d = 1.75), supporting construct validity and sensitivity. SEM was 4.14, MDC was 11.47, and MCID was 9.74. Since the MCID was within the error of the measure, we must rely upon the MDC to detect real changes in ecological vocal effort. Conclusion The ecological vocal effort scale offers a reliable, valid, and sensitive method of monitoring vocal effort changes during the daily life of individuals with and without vocal hyperfunction.

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72 Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change for Postural Sway by using Sway Meter in Elderly Subjects

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afz164.72 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. iv18-iv27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kitima Rongsawad ◽

Laddawon Worawan ◽

Karnsiree Jirarojprapa ◽

Sararat Kaewkham ◽

Sarawut Khattiwong

Keyword(s):

Clinical Relevance ◽

Postural Stability ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Simple Method ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Introduction Static postural stability is the ability to maintain the posture with minimum sway. Increasing postural sway during standing in different sensory conditions is associated with aging due to decline in sensory and motor functions. Sway area measured by using sway meter is usually simple method for assessing postural stability in elderly subjects. Like many biological measurements, sway area has an intrinsic variability that affects their test-retest reliability and responsiveness of postural stability assessment. The minimal detectable change (MDC) is ability to detect smallest change beyond measurement error that reflects a reliable change. Therefore, the MDC value could provide information of clinical relevance on postural stability. The aims of this study were to determine test-retest reliability and MDC of sway area obtained from sway meter in elderly subjects. Methods Twelve healthy elderly subjects aged 60 years and above were participated in this study. The test and retest repeatability of postural sway measurements were performed twice with a 1-hour interval. For each subject was assess postural sway using Lord’s sway meter during standing on 4 sensory conditions for 30 seconds of each condition. The test-retest reliability of sway area was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient. The MDC for each sway area was calculated to quantify clinical relevance. Results The test-retest reliability of sway area revealed good to excellent reliability ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and MDC ranged from 75 to 205 mm2 and 209 to 568 mm2, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion Our findings reveal that sway area in different sensory conditions could be used in assessment of postural stability in elderly subjects. SEM and MDC of sway area increased when subjects were asked to close their eyes and on foam surface. The sway meter is a reliable tool for assessing postural stability in clinical setting.

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Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test and its two abbreviated versions in persons with mild to moderate spinocerebellar ataxia: A pilot study

Neurorehabilitation ◽

10.3233/nre-203154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 479-486

Author(s):

Yuki Kondo ◽

Kyota Bando ◽

Yosuke Ariake ◽

Wakana Katsuta ◽

Kyoko Todoroki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinocerebellar Ataxia ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Evaluation Systems ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Interclass Correlation ◽

Test Retest Reliability

BACKGROUND: The reliability of the evaluation of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and its two abbreviated versions are confirmed for balance characteristics and reliability. However, they are not utilized in cases of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the BESTest and its abbreviated versions in persons with mild to moderate spinocerebellar ataxia. METHODS: The BESTest was performed in 20 persons with SCA at baseline and one month later. The scores of the abbreviated version of the BESTest were determined from the BESTest scores. The interclass correlation coefficient (1,1) was used as a measure of relative reliability. Furthermore, we calculated the MDC in the BESTest and its abbreviated versions. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients (1,1) and MDC at 95% confidence intervals were 0.92, 8.7(8.1%), 0.91, 4.1(14.5%), and 0.81, 5.2(21.6%) for the Balance, Mini-Balance, and Brief-Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The BESTest and its abbreviated versions had high test-retest reliability. The MDC values of the BESTest could enable clinicians and researchers to interpret changes in the balance of patients with SCA more precisely.

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Reliability and Validity of Force Platform Measures of Balance Impairment in Individuals With Parkinson Disease

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20160099 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. 1955-1964 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cathy C. Harro ◽

Alicia Marquis ◽

Natasha Piper ◽

Chris Burdis

Keyword(s):

Parkinson Disease ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Fall Risk ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Force Platform ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Balance Impairment ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Background Complex movement and balance impairments in people with Parkinson disease (PD) contribute to high fall risk. Comprehensive balance assessment is warranted to identify intrinsic fall risk factors and direct interventions. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of 3 balance measures of a force platform (FP) system in people with PD. Methods Forty-two community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD completed the testing protocol. Test-retest reliability was assessed for the Limits of Stability Test (LOS), Motor Control Test (MCT), and Sensory Organization Test (SOT). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC [2,1]) were calculated to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change. Validity was assessed by comparing the FP measures with criterion gait and balance measures using Pearson product moment correlations. Multiple regression analyses examined the contribution of PD characteristics to FP measures. Results All primary FP variables demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=.78–.92). The SOT and LOS demonstrated fair to good correlations with criterion measures, whereas the MCT had fair correlations to balance measures only. Both SOT composite equilibrium and MCT average latency were moderately associated with disease severity. Limitations This study's sample had a relatively small number of participants with a positive fall history, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions This study's findings provide support that FP measures are reliable and valid tests of balance impairment in people with PD. Disease severity was significantly associated with SOT and MCT measures, perhaps reflecting that these tests are meaningful indicators of decline in postural control with disease progression. Force platform measures may provide valuable quantitative information about underlying balance impairments in people with PD to guide therapeutic interventions for fall risk reduction.

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Reliability of the ForceFrame With and Without a Fixed Upper-Limb Mold in Shoulder Rotation Strength Assessments Compared With Traditional Hand-Held Dynamometry

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2020-0434 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Jamon Couch ◽

Marc Sayers ◽

Tania Pizzari

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

External Rotation ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Shoulder Abduction ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Shoulder Strength ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Context: An imbalance between shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength in athletes is proposed to increase the risk of sustaining a shoulder injury. Hand-held (HHD) and externally fixed dynamometry are reliable forms of assessing shoulder IR and ER strength. A new externally fixed device with an attachable fixed upper-limb mold (The ForceFrame) exists; however, its reliability in measuring shoulder strength is yet to be investigated. Objective: To determine the test–retest reliability of the ForceFrame, with and without the fixed upper-limb mold, in the assessment of shoulder IR and ER strength, as compared with HHD. Design: Test–retest reliability study. Setting: Laboratory, clinical. Participants: Twenty-two healthy and active individuals were recruited from the university community and a private physiotherapy practice. Main Outcome Measures: Maximal isometric shoulder IR and ER strength was measured using the ForceFrame and traditional HHD in neutral and at 90° shoulder abduction. Mean (SD) strength measures were calculated. Test–retest reliability was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (3, 1). The SEM and minimal detectable change were calculated. Results: Good to excellent test–retest reliability was found for all shoulder strength tests across Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) and externally fixed dynamometry (EFD) are reliable forms (intraclass correlation coefficients [3, 1] = .854–.916). The minimal detectable changes ranged between 25.61 and 41.84 N across tests. Test–retest reliability was not affected by the dynamometer or testing position. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that both the ForceFrame and HHD are suitable for measuring shoulder strength in clinical practice. The use of the fixed upper-limb mold with the ForceFrame does not improve reliability.

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Reliability of the performance-based measure of executive functions in people with schizophrenia

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03562-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

En-Chi Chiu ◽

Ya-Chen Lee ◽

Shu-Chun Lee ◽

I-Ping Hsueh

Keyword(s):

Executive Functions ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Rater Agreement ◽

Good Test ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Purposive Action ◽

And Performance ◽

Agreement Study ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Background The Performance-based measure of Executive Functions (PEF) with four domains is designed to assess executive functions in people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of the PEF administered by the same rater (intra-rater agreement) and by different raters (inter-rater agreement) in people with schizophrenia and to estimate the values of minimal detectable change (MDC) and MDC%. Methods Two convenience samples (each sample, n = 60) with schizophrenia were conducted two assessments (two weeks apart). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was analyzed to examine intra-rater and inter-rater agreements of the test-retest reliability of the PEF. The MDC was calculated through standard error of measurement. Results For the intra-rater agreement study, the ICC values of the four domains were 0.88–0.92. The MDC (MDC%) of the four domains (volition, planning, purposive action, and perfromance effective) were 13.0 (13.0%), 12.2 (16.4%), 16.2 (16.2%), and 16.3 (18.8%), respectively. For the inter-rater agreement study, the ICC values of the four domains were 0.82–0.89. The MDC (MDC%) were 15.8 (15.8%), 17.4 (20.0%), 20.9 (20.9%), and 18.6 (18.6%) for the volition, planning, purposive action, and performance effective domains, respectively. Conclusions The PEF has good test-retest reliability, including intra-rater and inter-rater agreements, for people with schizophrenia. Clinicians and researchers can use the MDC values to verify whether an individual with schizophrenia shows any real change (improvement or deterioration) between repeated PEF assessments by the same or different raters.

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The Validity, Reliability, and Responsiveness of the International Hip Outcome Tool–33 (iHOT-33) in Patients With Hip and Groin Pain Treated Without Surgery

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/03635465211027180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036354652110271

Author(s):

Mark J. Scholes ◽

Matthew G. King ◽

Kay M. Crossley ◽

Denise M. Jones ◽

Adam I. Semciw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Content Validity ◽

Groin Pain ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Global Rating ◽

Group Level ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Outcome Tool ◽

Test Retest Reliability

Background: The International Hip Outcome Tool–33 (iHOT-33) was developed to evaluate patients seeking surgery for hip and/or groin (hip/groin) pain and may not be appropriate for those seeking nonsurgical treatment. Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the iHOT-33 total (iHOT-Total) score and all subscale scores in adults with hip/groin pain who were not seeking surgery. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients with hip/groin pain who were not seeking surgery were recruited from 2 ongoing studies in Australia. Semistructured one-on-one interviews assessed content validity. Construct validity was assessed by testing hypothesized correlations between iHOT-33 and Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) subscale scores. Test-retest reliability was assessed in patients not undertaking treatment and who reported “no change” in their Global Rating of Change (GROC) score at 6-month follow-up. Scores were reliable at group and individual levels if intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were ≥0.80 and ≥0.90, respectively. Scores were responsive if Spearman rank correlations (ρ) between the change in the iHOT-33 score and the GROC score were ≥0.40. Results: In total, 278 patients with hip/groin pain (93 women; mean age, 31 years) and 55 pain-free control participants (14 women; mean age, 29 years) were recruited. The iHOT-33 demonstrated acceptable content validity. Construct validity was acceptable, with all hypothesized strong positive correlations between iHOT-33 and HAGOS subscale scores confirmed ( r range, 0.60-0.76; P < .001), except for one correlation between the iHOT-Sport and HAGOS-Sport ( r = .058; P < .001). All scores were reliable at the group level, except for the iHOT-33 job subscale (iHOT-Job) (ICC range, 0.78-0.88 [95% CI, 0.60-0.93]). None of the subscales met the criteria for adequate reliability for use at the individual level (all ICCs <0.90). Minimal detectable change values (group level) ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 (95% CI, 1.7-5.0). All iHOT-33 subscale scores were responsive (ρ range, 0.40-0.58; P≤ .001), except for the iHOT-Job in patients not undertaking treatment (ρ = 0.27; P = .001). Conclusion: All iHOT-33 subscale scores were valid for use in patients with hip/groin pain who were not seeking surgery. Acceptable test-retest reliability was found for all subscale scores at the group level, except the iHOT-Job. All subscale scores, excluding the iHOT-Job, were responsive, regardless of undertaking physical therapist–led treatment or no treatment.

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