scholarly journals A Review of the Community Health Club Literature Describing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1880
Author(s):  
Jason Rosenfeld ◽  
Ruth Berggren ◽  
Leah Frerichs
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Health Promotion Program ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Club ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

The Community Health Club (CHC) model is a community-based health promotion program that utilizes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education as the first stage of a longitudinal development process. Although the CHC model has been implemented in fourteen countries over 20 years, this is the first review of the literature describing the model’s outcomes and impact. We conducted a review of the literature that provided quantitative or qualitative evidence of CHC interventions focused on WASH in low- and middle-income countries. We identified 25 articles that met our inclusion criteria. We found six major outcomes: WASH behaviors and knowledge, social capital, collective action, health, and cost or cost-effectiveness. The most consistent evidence was associated with WASH behaviors and knowledge, with significant effects on defecation practices, hand washing behaviors, and WASH knowledge. We also found qualitative evidence of impact on social capital and collective action. CHCs catalyze favorable changes in WASH behaviors and knowledge, yielding outcomes commensurate with other WASH promotion strategies. This review provides insights into the model’s theory of change, helping identify areas for further investigation. The CHC model’s holistic focus and emphasis on individual and collective change offer promising potential to address multiple health and development determinants.

Come together to promote health: case study and theoretical perspectives from a Kenyan community-based program

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L Goodman ◽  
Aleisha J Elliott ◽  
Stanley Gitari ◽  
Philip Keiser ◽  
Lauren Raimer-Goodman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Sub Saharan

Summary Over the past four decades, group-based microfinance programs have spread rapidly throughout south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Recent evaluations of the programs have identified social capital as a common byproduct of frequent association by members, increasing trust, belonging and normative influence. Concurrently, social capital is increasingly recognized as an important health determinant. We present an overview of a program intervention operating in Kenya that utilizes a microfinance approach to produce social capital, and seeks to leverage that social capital to promote health at three levels—the village, group, and individual. A theory of change is presented for each of these three levels, demonstrating conceptually and with program examples how social capital can be applied to promote health. Related social theories and approaches, further research and program directions are given for each of the three levels. We identify potential to improve a broad range of health outcomes through this innovative model, which requires engagement with health promotion researchers and planners in low- and middle-income countries for further refinement and validation.

Economic Significance of Social Capital

2011 ◽  
pp. 46-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Polishchuk ◽  
R. Menyashev
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Bonding And Bridging ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with economics of social capital which is defined as the capacity of society for collective action in pursuit of common good. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between social capital and formal institutions, and the impact of social capital on government efficiency. Structure of social capital and the dichotomy between its bonding and bridging forms are analyzed. Social capital measurement, its economic payoff, and transmission channels between social capital and economic outcomes are discussed. In the concluding section of the paper we summarize the results of our analysis of the role of social capital in economic conditions and welfare of Russian cities.

scholarly journals The Inclusion of Rights of People with Disabilities and Women and Girls in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Policy Documents and Programs of Bangladesh and Cambodia: Content Analysis Using EquiFrame

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5087
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Scherer ◽  
Islay Mactaggart ◽  
Chelsea Huggett ◽  
Pharozin Pheng ◽  
Mahfuj-ur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Gender Inclusion ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
And Gender

People with disabilities and as women and girls face barriers to accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services and facilities that fully meet their needs, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Women and girls with disabilities experience double discrimination. WASH policies should support and uphold the concepts of disability and gender inclusion, and they should also act as a guide to inform WASH programs and service delivery. Using a modified version of the EquiFrame content analysis tool, this study investigated the inclusion of 21 core concepts of human rights of people with disabilities and women and girls in 16 WASH policy documents and seven end-line program reports from Bangladesh and Cambodia. Included documents typically focused on issues of accessibility and neglected wider issues, including empowerment and support for caregivers. The rights of children and women with disabilities were scarcely focused on specifically, despite their individual needs, and there was a disconnect in the translation of certain rights from policy to practice. Qualitative research is needed with stakeholders in Bangladesh and Cambodia to investigate the inclusion and omission of core rights of people with disabilities, and women and girls, as well as the factors contributing to the translation of rights from policy to practice.

scholarly journals Development and feasibility testing of a play-based psychosocial intervention for reduced patient stress in a pediatric care setting: experiences from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneera A. Rasheed ◽  
Vardah Bharuchi ◽  
Waliyah Mughis ◽  
Ayesha Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Parental Stress ◽  
Psychosocial Intervention ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Play Intervention ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Psychology Trainees ◽  
Parent Interactions

Abstract Background Hospitalization can be a source of great stress for children and their families. In high-income countries, there are specialized staff to help children cope using different techniques including play. However, it is a major challenge in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to financial constraints and untrained human resource. The objective of study was to develop and test the feasibility and acceptance of a psychology trainee-delivered model postulated on employing play as a means of enhancing child-parent interactions leading to reduced stress during hospitalization. Methods This study was conducted in the paediatric ward of a tertiary care private hospital in Pakistan. Pre-intervention survey revealed that parental stress stemmed mainly from seeing their child irritable, distressed, or in pain. Using a theory of change model, a play-based psychosocial intervention was developed to address these factors. The intervention approach was informed by principles of Nurturing Care Framework and play therapy. Children between birth and 6 years admitted in the acute care ward were eligible. The intervention was delivered between March 2019 and December 2020 by psychology trainees who were supervised by a clinical psychologist. The play-based sessions were delivered at the bedside and ranged from 20 to 40 min. Parents receiving the intervention were later interviewed for their stress, child emotions, and feedback about the service using structured surveys administered by psychology graduates. The trainees delivering the intervention were requested to provide their feedback as a written qualitative open-ended narrative. These narratives were analyzed using an inductive approach. Results The survey was conducted with 223 families with about half of the sample having children under 2 years of age. Forty-five percent of parents reported play intervention to be one of 3 key factors in improving their experience during hospital stay. Only 5% of parents reported feeling stressed about the child illness after the intervention. Ninety to 96% parents felt respected, listened to, and understood by the therapists. Thematic analysis of the feedback by trainees indicated the internship to be a useful experience and a new avenue for professional life whereas physicians appreciated the interventions. Conclusions The authors conclude that psychology trainees can feasibly deliver a play-based intervention under supervision for reduced stress in children and their parents during hospitalization with mutual benefits.

Stock-Outs of Essential Medicines Among Community Health Workers (CHWs) In Low- And Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Literature Review of The Extent, Reasons, And Consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimbola Olaniran ◽  
Jane Briggs ◽  
Ami Pradhan ◽  
Erin Bogue ◽  
Benjamin Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential medicines among Community Health Workers (CHWs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and identifies the reasons for and consequences of essential medicine stock-outs. Methods: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched with a prespecified strategy and the grey literature examined, January 2006 - March 2021. Papers containing information on (i) the percentage of CHWs stocked out or (ii) reasons for stock-outs along the supply chain and consequences of stock-out were included and appraised for risk of bias. Outcomes were quantitative data on the extent of stock-out, summarized using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data regarding reasons for and consequences of stock-outs, analyzed using thematic content analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Two reviewers screened 1083 records; 78 evaluations were included. Over the last fifteen years, CHWs experienced stock-outs of essential medicines nearly one third of the time and at a significantly (p < 0.01) higher rate than the health centers to which they are affiliated (28.93% [CI 95%: 28.79 - 29.07] vs 9.17 % [CI 95%: 8.64 - 9.70], respectively). A comparison of the period 2006-2015 and 2016-2021 showed a significant (p < 0.01) increase in CHW stock-out level from 26.36% [CI 95%: 26.22 -26.50] to 48.65% [CI 95%: 48.02- 49.28] while that of health centers increased from 7.79% [95% CI: 7.16 - 8.42] to 14.28% [95% CI: 11.22- 17.34]. Distribution barriers were the most cited reasons for stock-outs. Ultimately, patients were the most affected: stock-outs resulted in out-of-pocket expenses to buy unavailable medicines, poor adherence to medicine regimes, dissatisfaction, and low service utilization. Conclusion: Community-level stock-out of essential medicines constitutes a serious threat to achieving universal health coverage and equitable improvement of health outcomes. This paper suggests stock-outs are getting worse, and that there are particular barriers at the last mile. There is an urgent need to address the health and non-health system constraints that prevent the essential medicines procured for LMICs by international and national stakeholders from reaching the people who need them the most.

Bonding and bridging social capital towards collective action in participatory irrigation management. Evidence in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Llones ◽  
Panya Mankeb ◽  
Unggoon Wongtragoon ◽  
Suneeporn Suwanmaneepong
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Shared Resource ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bridging Social Capital ◽  
Participatory Irrigation Management ◽  
Bonding And Bridging

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of social capital with bonding and bridging distinction in promoting higher participation in collective action in participatory irrigation management.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 304 farmers was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. A focus group discussion was also carried out with randomly selected water users, leaders and irrigation officers. A confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to test the hypothesised relationship of bonding and bridging social capital towards collective action.FindingsThe findings show that social capital has a significant direct effect on collective action and an indirect effect on joint irrigation management's perceived performance through collective action (mediator). It implies the need to complement the participatory irrigation management programme with an understanding of the social aspects for a higher farmer's participation over the shared resource.Originality/valueThe paper emphasises social capital's role in facilitating a real participatory engagement in shared resource management. Also, it is the first scholarly work linking social capital with bonding and bridging distinction towards collective action in a joint resource management context.

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