scholarly journals Effects of Spatial Characteristics on the Spread of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4081
Author(s):  
Meilan An ◽  
Jeffrey Vitale ◽  
Kwideok Han ◽  
John N. Ng’ombe ◽  
Inbae Ji
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Spatial Econometric Model ◽  
Using Data

This paper examines the effects of regional characteristics on the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) during Korea’s 2016–2017 outbreak. A spatial econometric model is used to determine the effects of regional characteristics on HPAI dispersion using data from 162 counties in Korea. Results indicate the existence of spatial dependence, suggesting that the occurrence of HPAI in a county is significantly influenced by neighboring counties. We found that larger size poultry, including laying hens, breeders, and ducks are significantly associated with a greater incidence of HPAI. Among poultry, we found ducks as the greatest source of the spread of HPAI. Our findings suggest that those regions that are spatially dependent with respect to the spread of HPAI, such as counties that intensively breed ducks, should be the focus of surveillance to prevent future epidemics of HPAI.

scholarly journals First detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Madslien ◽  
Torfinn Moldal ◽  
Britt Gjerset ◽  
Sveinn Gudmundsson ◽  
Arne Follestad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Poultry Farms

Abstract Background Several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by influenza A virus of subtype H5N8 have been reported in wild birds and poultry in Europe during autumn 2020. Norway is one of the few countries in Europe that had not previously detected HPAI virus, despite widespread active monitoring of both domestic and wild birds since 2005. Results We report detection of HPAI virus subtype H5N8 in a wild pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), and several other geese, ducks and a gull, from south-western Norway in November and December 2020. Despite previous reports of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), this constitutes the first detections of HPAI in Norway. Conclusions The mode of introduction is unclear, but a northward migration of infected geese or gulls from Denmark or the Netherlands during the autumn of 2020 is currently our main hypothesis for the introduction of HPAI to Norway. The presence of HPAI in wild birds constitutes a new, and ongoing, threat to the Norwegian poultry industry, and compliance with the improved biosecurity measures on poultry farms should therefore be ensured. [MK1]Finally, although HPAI of subtype H5N8 has been reported to have very low zoonotic potential, this is a reminder that HPAI with greater zoonotic potential in wild birds may pose a threat in the future. [MK1]Updated with a sentence emphasizing the risk HPAI pose to poultry farms, both in the Abstract and in the Conclusion-section in main text, as suggested by Reviewer 1 (#7).

scholarly journals Differential Diagnosis for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Using Nanoparticles Expressing Chemiluminescence

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1274
Author(s):  
Jihee Kim ◽  
Jae-Yeon Park ◽  
Jihoon Ryu ◽  
Hyun-Jin Shin ◽  
Jung-Eun Park
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Renilla Luciferase ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus is a causative agent of systemic disease in poultry, characterized by high mortality. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for the control of HPAI. In this study, we aimed to develop a differential diagnostic method that can distinguish HPAI from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses using dual split proteins (DSPs). DSPs are chimeras of an enzymatic split, Renilla luciferase (RL), and a non-enzymatic split green fluorescent protein (GFP). Nanoparticles expressing DSPs, sialic acid, and/or transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) were generated, and RL activity was determined in the presence of HPAI or LPAI pseudotyped viruses. The RL activity of nanoparticles containing both DSPs was approximately 2 × 106 RLU, indicating that DSPs can be successfully incorporated into nanoparticles. The RL activity of nanoparticles containing half of the DSPs was around 5 × 101 RLU. When nanoparticles containing half of the DSPs were incubated with HPAI pseudotyped viruses at low pH, RL activity was increased up to 1 × 103 RLU. However, LPAI pseudotyped viruses produced RL activity only in the presence of proteases (trypsin or TMPRSS2), and the average RL activity was around 7 × 102 RLU. We confirmed that nanoparticle fusion assay also diagnoses authentic viruses with specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 91.67%. The data indicated that the developed method distinguished HPAI and LPAI, and suggested that the diagnosis using DSPs could be used for the development of differential diagnostic kits for HPAI after further optimization.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Jeong ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Yu-Jin Kim ◽  
Sun-Hak Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n8 Virus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis

In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B. All genes share high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAI viruses identified from Europe during early 2020. Enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is needed to monitor the introduction and spread of HPAI via wild birds and to inform the design of improved prevention and control strategies.

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