The NADPH oxidase family, consisting of Nox1-5 and Duox1-2, catalyzes the regulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Highly expressed in the colon, Nox1 needs the organizer subunit NoxO1 and the activator subunit NoxA1 for its activity. The tyrosine kinase c-Src is necessary for the formation of invadopodia, phosphotyrosine-rich structures which degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many Src substrates are invadopodia components, including the novel Nox1 organizer Tks4 and Tks5 proteins. Nox1-dependent ROS generation is necessary for the maintenance of functional invadopodia in human colon cancer cells. However, the signals and the molecular machinery involved in the redox-dependent regulation of invadopodia formation remain unclear. Here, we show that the interaction of NoxA1 and Tks proteins is dependent on Src activity. Interestingly, the abolishment of Src-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr110 on NoxA1 and of Tyr508 on Tks4 blocks their binding and decreases Nox1-dependent ROS generation. The contemporary presence of Tks4 and NoxA1 unphosphorylable mutants blocks SrcYF-induced invadopodia formation and ECM degradation, while the overexpression of Tks4 and NoxA1 phosphomimetic mutants rescues this phenotype. Taken together, these results elucidate the role of c-Src activity on the formation of invadopodia and may provide insight into the mechanisms of tumor formation in colon cancers.
Strawberry-Tree Honey Induces Growth Inhibition of Human Colon Cancer Cells and Increases ROS Generation: A Comparison with Manuka Honey
