Impedance Matching and the Choice Between Alternative Pathways for the Origin of Genetic Coding

We recently observed that errors in gene replication and translation could be seen qualitatively to behave analogously to the impedances in acoustical and electronic energy transducing systems. We develop here quantitative relationships necessary to confirm that analogy and to place it into the context of the minimization of dissipative losses of both chemical free energy and information. The formal developments include expressions for the information transferred from a template to a new polymer, Iσ; an impedance parameter, Z; and an effective alphabet size, neff; all of which have non-linear dependences on the fidelity parameter, q, and the alphabet size, n. Surfaces of these functions over the {n,q} plane reveal key new insights into the origin of coding. Our conclusion is that the emergence and evolutionary refinement of information transfer in biology follow principles previously identified to govern physical energy flows, strengthening analogies (i) between chemical self-organization and biological natural selection, and (ii) between the course of evolutionary trajectories and the most probable pathways for time-dependent transitions in physics. Matching the informational impedance of translation to the four-letter alphabet of genes uncovers a pivotal role for the redundancy of triplet codons in preserving as much intrinsic genetic information as possible, especially in early stages when the coding alphabet size was small.

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Enabling Small-Scale Actors to Operate on Markets of Energy and Ancillary Services

Techno-Social Systems for Modern Economical and Governmental Infrastructures - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5586-5.ch010 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 241-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mikhail Simonov ◽

Luisa Tibiletti

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Cooperative Behavior ◽

Economic Behavior ◽

Small Scale ◽

Market Participants ◽

Energy Flows ◽

Physical Energy ◽

Flexible Behavior ◽

Structured Information ◽

Power And Energy

Widespread renewable energy alters infrastructures and business by changing a way to balance between the demand and the offer. In customer-centered model, flexible economic behavior of small-scaled energy actors mitigates variability and uncertainty in flows of power and energy. Flexible cooperative behavior of many intraday market participants has a potential to reduce uncertainty in renewable energy flows. However, owners of small-scale renewable energy plants play limited market role. This chapter presents changed socio-economic and technology contexts and attracts attention to new challenges. New ICT enabler activates role of small-scale renewable energy actors by complementing their physical energy by structured information about the capacity and flexibility. In new market scenario, unpredictability of renewable energy is reduced by adding knowledge and exploiting better flexible behavior. Main conclusion is about using the information about flexibility to activate small-scale actors on real-time markets while improving ecological sustainability.

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Empower Battery-Operated Remote Electronic Devices VIA Wireless Power/Energy Transfer

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.h6782.079920 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 27-33

Keyword(s):

Distributed System ◽

Information Transfer ◽

Power Transmission ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Electronic Energy ◽

Battery Life ◽

Power Electronic ◽

Energy Access ◽

Wireless Power ◽

Remote Verification

Electronic devices are increasing rapidly nowadays. Today maximum electronic devices are operated on battery. They all need to be charge frequently to restore their working. In present day wired chargers are used for charging all electronic devices. Use of electronic devices is increasing rapidly, due to that long battery life is become today’s need. It is required to empowered batteries once in a while. When there is no electrical fitting around, it is not possible to charge or change the battery. The expansion for Wireless Energy Transmission or Wireless Power Transmission/Transfer (WPT) is increased electronic progression. WPT systems are used to transmit power/ (electronic energy) without using wires. Remote information transfer is expected to have tremendous applications in future. Distributed system gives remote information and energy access to all electronic devices simultaneously. We study a multiuser numerous information single-yield communicate framework and build a multi-receiving wire passage sends remote verification and Power. Authorised user can access the power transmitted by Transmitter. Distributed power transmission reduces with increase in distance. Bandwidth remains same up to certain distance.

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Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096886 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 32-33

Author(s):

David A. Grano ◽

Kenneth H. Downing

Keyword(s):

Spatial Frequency ◽

Information Transfer ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Experimental Situation ◽

Photographic Emulsion ◽

Modulation Transfer ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Frequency Space ◽

Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

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Ultimate resolution and information in electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100086787 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 496-497

Author(s):

D. Van Dyck

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Transfer Function ◽

Information Transfer ◽

Communication Channel ◽

Structural Information ◽

Information Rate ◽

Noise Power ◽

Signal Power ◽

Imaging Device

An (electron) microscope can be considered as a communication channel that transfers structural information between an object and an observer. In electron microscopy this information is carried by electrons. According to the theory of Shannon the maximal information rate (or capacity) of a communication channel is given by C = B log2 (1 + S/N) bits/sec., where B is the band width, and S and N the average signal power, respectively noise power at the output. We will now apply to study the information transfer in an electron microscope. For simplicity we will assume the object and the image to be onedimensional (the results can straightforwardly be generalized). An imaging device can be characterized by its transfer function, which describes the magnitude with which a spatial frequency g is transferred through the device, n is the noise. Usually, the resolution of the instrument ᑭ is defined from the cut-off 1/ᑭ beyond which no spadal information is transferred.

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Alternative pathways to training in gastrointestinal endoscopy

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

10.1016/s0016-5107(96)81617-8 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 658-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

Alternative Pathways

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What Is Left Is Right

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.78 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 78-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kenneth Hugdahl ◽

René Westerhausen

Keyword(s):

Speech Processing ◽

Information Transfer ◽

Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽

Functional Neuroimaging ◽

Gray Matter Volume ◽

Functional Anatomy ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Functional Asymmetry ◽

Planum Temporale ◽

Evolution Of Speech

The present paper is based on a talk on hemispheric asymmetry given by Kenneth Hugdahl at the Xth European Congress of Psychology, Praha July 2007. Here, we propose that hemispheric asymmetry evolved because of a left hemisphere speech processing specialization. The evolution of speech and the need for air-based communication necessitated division of labor between the hemispheres in order to avoid having duplicate copies in both hemispheres that would increase processing redundancy. It is argued that the neuronal basis of this labor division is the structural asymmetry observed in the peri-Sylvian region in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, with a left larger than right planum temporale area. This is the only example where a structural, or anatomical, asymmetry matches a corresponding functional asymmetry. The increase in gray matter volume in the left planum temporale area corresponds to a functional asymmetry of speech processing, as indexed from both behavioral, dichotic listening, and functional neuroimaging studies. The functional anatomy of the corpus callosum also supports such a view, with regional specificity of information transfer between the hemispheres.

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