scholarly journals The Roots of Rye (Secale cereale L.) Are Capable of Synthesizing Benzoxazinoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4656
Author(s):  
Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska ◽  
Bartosz M. Szabała ◽  
Elżbieta Różańska ◽  
Mariusz Kowalczyk ◽  
Wojciech Burza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Current Opinion ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Secale Cereale L

According to current opinion, the first step of benzoxazinoids (BXs) synthesis, that is, the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole, occurs exclusively in the photosynthesising parts of plants. However, the results of our previous work and some other studies suggest that this process may also occur in the roots. In this study, we provide evidence that the first step of BXs synthesis does indeed occur in the roots of rye seedlings. We detected ScBx1 transcripts, BX1 enzyme, and six BXs (2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, (2R)-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one glucoside, 2,4-dihydroxy- 7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone) in the roots developed from seeds deprived of the coleoptile at 2 days after sowing (i.e., roots without contact with aerial parts). In roots regenerated in vitro, both ScBx1 transcripts and BX1 enzyme were detected at a low but still measurable levels. Thus, BXs are able to be synthesised in both the roots and above-ground parts of rye plants.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of benzoxazinoids in rye (Secale cereale L.) – where does the story begin?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska ◽  
Elzbieta Rozanska ◽  
Magdalena Swiecicka ◽  
Wojciech Burza ◽  
Beata Bakera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Current Opinion ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Secale Cereale L

According to current opinion, the first step of benzoxazinoids (BXs) synthesis, that is, the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate to indole, occurs exclusively in the photosynthesising parts of plants. However, the results of our previous work and some other studies suggest that this process may also occur in the roots. In this study, we provide evidence that the first step of BXs synthesis does indeed occur in the roots of rye seedlings. We detected ScBx1 transcripts, BX1 enzyme, and six BXs (2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, (2R)-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one glucoside, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone) in the roots developed from seeds deprived of the coleoptile at 2 days after sowing (i.e., roots without contact with aerial parts). In roots regenerated in vitro, both ScBx1 transcripts and BX1 enzyme were detected at a low but still measurable levels. Thus, BXs are able to be synthesised in both the roots and above-ground parts of rye plants.

Dynamics of the Tissue-Specific Metabolism of Luteolin Glucuronides in the Mesophyll of Rye Primary Leaves (Secale cereale)

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot Schulz ◽  
Gottfried Weissenböck
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Developing primary leaves of Secale cereale L. exhibit a dynamic metabolism of the major flavonoid luteolin 7-O-[β-ᴅ-glucuronosyl(1→2)β-ᴅ-glucuronide]-4′-O-β-ᴅ-glucuronide (R1). Final steps of R, biosynthesis are sequential glucuronidations of luteolin, which are catalyzed by three specific UDP-glucuronate: flavone glucuronosyltransferases. These enzymes reach highest activities at the fourth and fifth day of leaf development, coinciding with maximal R, accumulation. The activities decrease with advancing age of the leaves. In contrast, a R1-specific β-glucuronidase, responsible for the hydrolysis of glucuronic acid in position 4′, shows increasing activity up to the 5th or 6th day; but this activity, leading to luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide (R2), is not reduced in later developmental stages. In this phase of leaf development, the amount of R, drastically drops, whereas R2 accumulates only slightly. From in vitro results and from feeding experiments using [14C]cinnamic acid, a precursor of R, biosynthesis, we conclude that the anabolic sequential glucuronidation takes place in young and expanding leaf tissue, whereas deglucuronidation occurs in nearly mature and mature tissue. The three glucuronosyltransferases as well as the β-glucuronidase, and the flavonoids R1 and R2 are localized in the mesophyll.

scholarly journals The regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rye (Secale cereale) roots. Stimulation of the nucleotide pathway by low temperature

1987 ◽  
Vol 242 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Kinney ◽  
D T Clarkson ◽  
B C Loughman
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Choline Phosphate ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Rate Limiting

The incorporation of [14C]choline chloride and [14C]glycerol into segments taken from rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Rheidal) roots was greater in segments from roots grown at 5 degrees C than in segments taken from roots growing at 20 degrees C. The incorporation was measured at the temperature at which the root had been growing. Measurements in vitro of the enzymes of the nucleotide pathway showed activity of choline kinase (EC 2.7.1.32), choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15) and cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2) to be higher in homogenates from the cooler roots when assayed at 5 degrees C than the activities assayed at 20 degrees C in the 20 degrees C-root homogenates. Changes in vivo in the pool sizes of the CDP-base intermediates with temperature, relative differences in nucleotide-pathway-enzyme activities and a pulse-chase experiment with [14C]choline indicated that the rate-limiting step for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in this tissue, at both temperatures, was the reaction catalysed by cytidylyltransferase.

scholarly journals The identification of QTLs associated with the in vitro response of rye (Secale cereale L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bolibok ◽  
Anna Gruszczyńska ◽  
Aneta Hromada-Judycka ◽  
Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
In Vitro Response

AbstractThis study was conducted in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the in vitro culture response of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) immature embryos and immature inflorescences. A genetic linkage map comprising 67 SSRs, 9 ISSRs, 13 SAMPLs, 7 RAPDs, 2 SCARs and one EST marker was created based on the analyses of 102 recombinant inbred lines from the cross between lines L318 (which has a good response in tissue cultures) and L9 (which is unable to regenerate plants from somatic tissues and anthers). The map spans 979.2 cM, and the average distance between markers is 9.9 cM. Two characteristics were evaluated: callus induction (CI) and somatic embryogenesis ability (SE). They were expressed as the percentage of immature embryos/inflorescences producing callus (designated ECI/ICI) and the percentage of explants producing somatic embryos (ESE/ISE). All the analysed traits showed continuous variation in the mapping population but a non-normal frequency distribution. We identified nine putative QTLs controlling the tissue culture response of rye, explaining up to 41.6% of the total phenotypic variation: two QTLs for ECI — eci-1, eci-2; 4 for ESE — ece-1, ese-2, ese-3, ese-4; 2 for ICI — ici-1, ici2; and 1 for ISE — ise-1. They were detected on chromosomes 1R, 4R, 5R, 6R and 7R.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Complex Extracts of Ligularia stenocephala Matsum. & Koidz. and Secale cereale L. Sprout in Chronic Gingivitis: In Vitro Investigation and Randomized Clinical Trial

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Inpyo Hong ◽  
Jin-Young Park ◽  
Yoo-Hun Noh ◽  
Su-Hee Jeon ◽  
Jeong-Won Paik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Ligularia Stenocephala

Complex extracts of Ligularia stenocephala Matsum. & Koidz. (LSE) and Secale cereale L. sprout (SCSE) (TEES-10®) were prepared. The purposes of the study were to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities of TEES-10® in vitro and to observe resolution of gingivitis in human with oral administration of TEES-10®. The effects of TEES-10® on normal periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PDL cell viability and the changes of inflammatory mediator expression were evaluated in vitro. In the clinical trial, 150 mg of TEES-10® powder containing capsule was administered twice daily to the test group, while the control group administered placebos in a total 100 participants with gingivitis. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss, gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured at baseline and 4 weeks. Administering TEES-10® showed significant increase in PDL cell viability compared to administering LSE or SCSE alone. In addition, treating TEES-10® to LPS induced PDL cell significantly increased PDL cell viability compared to control. TEES-10® suppressed expression of NF-κB, p-ERK, ERK, COX-2, c-Fos and p-STAT and promoted expression of PPARγ in LPS induced PDL cells. In the clinical trial, significant improvement of GI and BOP was observed in the test group at 4 weeks. In addition, the number of patients diagnosed with gingivitis was significantly reduced in the test group at 4 weeks. Salivary MMP-8 and MMP-9 was also significantly decreased compared to placebo group. Within the limitations of this study, the TEES-10® would have an anti-inflammatory potential clinically in the chronic gingivitis patients.

Effect of auxins and cytokinins upon the start of meiosis in cultured anthers of rye (Secale cereale L.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rueda ◽  
A. M. Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Differential Capacity ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Mother Cells

Anthers of rye excised at premeiotic interphase were cultured in vitro on a basic medium and on a series of auxin- and cytokinin-containing media to ascertain the effect of these plant hormones upon the start of meiosis. Only in the hormone-containing media was it possible to find anthers in which pollen mother cells had started the meiotic division. The different hormones and concentrations tested exhibited a differential capacity to induce the start of meiosis, the percentages of anthers with pollen mother cells in meiosis varying from 0% in one medium to more than 60% in two other media. In some media, pollen mother cells were able to complete the whole meiotic division, while in others they were arrested at different stages of meiosis.Key words: Secale cereale, meiosis induction, anther culture, plant hormones.

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