scholarly journals Detection of Phosphine Resistance in Field Populations of Four Key Stored-Grain Insect Pests in Pakistan

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Waqas Wakil ◽  
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Sehrish Gulzar ◽  
Hamadttu A. F. El-Shafie
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Laboratory Population ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Granary Weevil ◽  
Maximum Resistance ◽  
Phosphine Resistance ◽  
Susceptible Populations

In Pakistan, the control of stored-product insect pests mainly relies on the use of phosphine gas along with other control tactics. The aim of this study was to determine the level of phosphine resistance among ten differently located populations of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Laboratory-susceptible populations of all insect species were also considered in the experiments. Concentration–response bioassays were conducted for each species. All of the tested populations (10 out of 10) of each species were found to be resistant to phosphine, but varied in their level of resistance. Probit analysis estimated LC50 at 2.85, 1.90, 2.54 and 2.01 ppm for laboratory-susceptible populations of R. dominica, S. granarius, T. castaneum and T. granarium, respectively. Against R. dominica, the highest and lowest resistance levels were observed in the Rahim Yar Khan (LC50 at 360.90 ppm) and Rawalpindi (LC50 at 210.98 ppm) populations, respectively. These resistant populations were 126.67- and 74.02-fold more resistant than the laboratory population. The Multan and Lahore populations of S. granarius exhibited the maximum (LC50 at 122.81 ppm) and minimum (LC50 at 45.96 ppm) resistance levels, respectively, i.e., they were 64.63- and 24.18-fold more resistant than the laboratory population. The Layyah population of T. castaneum showed the maximum resistance level (LC50 at 305.89 ppm) while the lowest was observed in the Lahore population (LC50 at 186.52 ppm), corresponding to 120.42- and 73.43-fold more resistant than the laboratory population, respectively. Regarding T. granarium, the Layyah population showed the maximum resistance level (LC50 at 169.99 ppm) while the Lahore population showed the minimum resistance (LC50 at 74.50 ppm), i.e., they were 84.57- and 37.06-fold more resistant than the laboratory population, respectively. Overall, R. dominica presented the highest resistance level, followed by T. castaneum, T. granarium and S. granarius. The current study suggests that the application of phosphine may not be an adequate control strategy for the management of the above tested insect pests in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1565
Author(s):  
Ihab Alnajim ◽  
Manjree Agarwal ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Beibei Li ◽  
Xin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Phosphine Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Direct Immersion

Phosphine resistance is a worldwide issue threatening the grain industry. The cuticles of insects are covered with a layer of lipids, which protect insect bodies from the harmful effects of pesticides. The main components of the cuticular lipids are hydrocarbon compounds. In this research, phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of two main stored-grain insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, were tested to determine the possible role of their cuticular hydrocarbons in phosphine resistance. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to extract and analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons. The results showed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strains regarding the cuticular hydrocarbons that were investigated. The resistant insects of both species contained higher amounts than the susceptible insects for the majority of the hydrocarbons, sixteen from cuticular extraction and nineteen from the homogenized body extraction for T. castaneum and eighteen from cuticular extraction and twenty-one from the homogenized body extraction for R. dominica. 3-methylnonacosane and 2-methylheptacosane had the highest significant difference between the susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum from the cuticle and the homogenized body, respectively. Unknown5 from the cuticle and 3-methylhentriacontane from the homogenized body recorded the highest significant differences in R. dominica. The higher hydrocarbon content is a key factor in eliminating phosphine from entering resistant insect bodies, acting as a barrier between insects and the surrounding phosphine environment.

Resistance levels of selected rice genotypes to Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica F. infestations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
S.K. Ajao ◽  
K.O. Popoola ◽  
S Mande ◽  
A Togola
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptibility Index ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The need to screen new rice genotypes for resistance to stored product insect pests is important to boost production and availability of rice for food security. Therefore, thirteen rice genotypes and varieties included ten interspecific rice genotypes from two crossed parents Oryza sativa (WAB 56-104) and Oryza barthii (IRGC 106107), the two parents and NERICA8 variety were collected from Africa Rice Center, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, to examine their resistance level to infestation by Sitophilus oryzae L. and Rhyzopertha dominica F. The resistance of the varieties were assessed by artificial infestation with 12 unsexed adults each in 10 g of the rice varieties in four replicates under laboratory conditions of 26 ± 2oC temperature and 75 ± 5% relative humidity in a completely randomized design. Number of adult insect emergent, per cent grain damage, percent weight loss of infested samples and index of susceptibility were determined. Correlation analysis between nutritional contents of the varieties and infestation variables were also obtained. Results indicate differential responses of the two insects on the rice genotypes/varieties. The O. barthii parent was resistant, while the O. sativa parent was moderately resistant using the susceptibility index. Of the ten rice genotypes, G4, G3, G1, G7, G2, G10 and G9 were resistant in descending order, while G5 and G6 were moderately resistant, whereas only G8 was susceptible. NERICA8 was also found to be susceptible to infestation. In addition, the resistant grains had lower ash content. Modification in genetic variations and nutritional contents of new rice varieties may be a critical factor in insect resistant genotype pro-grammes to reduce post-harvest losses incurred by farmers. Keywords: Rice resistant genotypes; Rhyzopertha dominica; Oryzae sativa; Oryzae barthii; Sitophilus oryzae; susceptibility index

scholarly journals Estragole-rich essential oil of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) as an eco-friendly alternative to the synthetic insecticides in management of two stored-products insect pests

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Asgar EBADOLLAHI
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Stored Products ◽  
Satureja Hortensis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Level ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

<p>The lesser grain borer [<em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> (Fabricius, 1792)] and the red flour beetle [<em>Tribolium castaneum</em> (Herbst, 1797)] are among the cosmopolitan damaging pests on several stored-products. The overuse of chemical pesticides in the control of such pests caused several side-effects including environmental contaminations, human health problems, and insect pests' resistance. In this circumstance, researchers have focused on safe and effective alternatives to chemical pesticides. In the present study, the insecticidal efficiency of essential oil extracted from the summer savory (<em>Satureja hortensis</em> L.) was assessed on the <em>R. dominica </em>and<em> T. castaneum</em> adults. The chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated through a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, in which estragole, β-ocimene and d-limonene were the main components. The essential oil had considerable fumigant toxicity on insect pests. The mortality of insects was dependent on the essential oil concentration and exposure time. Probit analysis indicated that <em>R. dominica</em> with low LC<sub>50</sub> values (Lethal Concentration to kill 50 % of tested insects) was more susceptible than <em>T. castaneum</em>. Accordingly, <em>S. hortensis</em> essential oil with a high level of phenylpropanoid and terpenic compounds can be recommended as an efficient and natural alternative to the detrimental chemicals in the management of<em> R. dominica </em>and<em> T. castaneum</em>.</p>

RNA-seq Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial and Cuticular Protein Genes Are Associated with Phosphine Resistance in the Rusty Grain Beetle (Coleoptera:Laemophloeidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Er-Hu Chen ◽  
Jin-Yan Duan ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Dian-Xuan Wang ◽  
Pei-An Tang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cuticular Protein ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Phosphine Resistance ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Abstract The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), is a serious pest of stored grain, which has developed high levels of resistance to phosphine. In this study, five geographically distant populations of C. ferrugineus had been collected in China, specifically in granaries where phosphine fumigant is used for pest control, and they showed a high resistance ratio up to 1,907 (LC50 = 21.0 mg/liter). Then, a reference transcriptome was constructed to use as a basis for investigating the molecular mechanisms of phosphine resistance in this species, which consisted of 47,006 unigenes with a mean length of 1,090. Subsequently, the RNA-Seq analysis of individuals from the most susceptible and resistant populations led to the identification of 54 genes that are differentially expressed. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that genes associated with mitochondrial and respiration functions were significantly enriched. Also, the ‘structural constituent of cuticle’ term was annotated in the GO enrichment analysis and further qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression levels of nine cuticular protein genes were significantly increased in the resistant population. In conclusion, we present here a transcriptome-wide overview of gene expression changes between resistant and susceptible populations of C. ferrugineus, and this in turn documents that mitochondria and cuticular protein genes may play together a crucial role in phosphine resistance. Further gene function analysis should enable the provision of advice to expedite resistance management decisions.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oil from Coriandrum sativum Seeds against Tribolium confusum and Callosobruchus maculatus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Khani ◽  
Tahere Rahdari
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Tribolium Confusum ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Stored Grain

The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae), seeds against adults of Tribolium confusum Duval (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Fumigant toxicity was assessed at 27±1°C and 65±5% R.H., in dark condition. Dry seeds of the plant were subject to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The composition of essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The predominant components in the oil were linalool (57.57%) and geranyl acetate (15.09%). The mortality of 1–7-day-old adults of the insect pests increased with concentration from 43 to 357 μL/L air and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. In the probit analysis, LC50 values (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) showed that C. maculatus (LC50 = 1.34 μL/L air) was more susceptible than T. confusum (LC50 = 318.02 μL/L air) to seed essential oil of this plant. The essential oil of C. sativum can play an important role in stored grain protection and reduce the risks associated with the use of synthetic insecticides.

scholarly journals Resistance of stored-product insects to phosphine

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1671-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Guerra Pimentel ◽  
Lêda Rita D'Antonino Faroni ◽  
Maurílio Duarte Batista ◽  
Felipe Humberto da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Stored Product Insects ◽  
Phosphine Resistance ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Susceptible Populations

The objectives of this work were to assess phosphine resistance in insect populations (Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus zeamais and Oryzaephilus surinamensis) from different regions of Brazil and to verify if the prevailing mechanism of phosphine resistance in these populations involves reduced respiration rates. Sixteen populations of T. castaneum, 15 of R. dominica, 27 of S. zeamais and eight of O. surinamensis were collected from 36 locations over seven Brazilian states. Each population was tested for resistance to phosphine, based on the response of adults to discriminating concentrations, according to FAO standard method. For each insect species, the production of carbon dioxide of the most resistant and of the most susceptible populations was inversely related to their phosphine resistance. The screening tests identified possible phosphine resistant populations. R. dominica and O. surinamensis were less susceptible to phosphine than the other two species. The populations with lower respiration rate showed a lower mortality at discriminating concentration, possibly related to a phosphine resistance mechanism. Phosphine resistance occurs in stored-product insects, in different regions of Brazil, and the resistance mechanism involves reduced respiration rate.

Migration of stored-grain insect pests from a small wheat bulk

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Sinclair ◽  
J Alder
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Grain Beetles ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Cryptolestes Pusillus

One hundred unsexed adults of each of the following coleopterous species were added to 27 .3 kg of clean wheat: Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (rice weevil), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (lesser grain borer), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (rust-red flour beetle), and the flat grain beetles Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr), C. ferrugineus (Stephens), and C. pusilloides (Steele and Howe). For 15 months, measurements were made of population size and emigration from this wheat bulk. The highest populations recorded for each species were: 138 850, 65 680, 9 060, 47 000, 15 530, 11 940, respectively, and total emigrant numbers during the period were: 774 682, 278 094, 123 784, 335 588, 39 070, 9 352, respectively. Such high numbers of emigrants in relation to relatively low source populations emphasize the significance of small amounts of infested grain as sources of infestation of large grain bulks, and hence the importance of grain hygiene. The proportion of females in the populations of four species changed significantly from 0.50 as populations developed. Emigration behaviour was influenced most commonly by temperature, insect numbers, and wheat age, but these factors did not act uniformly on all species. Negligible numbers of emigrants returned to the food source. Low numbers caught in food traps away from the source were consistent with these not being attractive but traps near the shed walls caught greater numbers than expected.

scholarly journals Insecticidal effect of from three Hypericum species extracts against Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium confusum

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cennet Yaman ◽  
Şeyda Şimşek
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Tribolium Confusum ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Hypericum Species ◽  
Control Insect

ABSTRACT The search for new plant natural products with insecticidal properties to control insect pests in agriculture has gained relevance in the past decades. The aim of the study was to investigate the insecticidal activity of extracts derived from flower, leaf, and stem of three Hypericum species (Hypericum heterophyllum, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum scabrum) against the adults of three important stored grain insect pests namely; Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrichidae) and Tribolium confusum (Tenebrionidae). The insects were incubated with the food under 10% concentration of Hypericum extracts and the mortality was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. The extracts of the Hypericum species and exposure time were found to have statistically significant effective against the three insect pests. After 72 h exposure, the mortality ranged from 4.3 to 94.1 % for all insects. Among tested insects, R. dominica was more susceptible than T. confusum and S. oryzae. Although desirable insecticidal effect against the insects were recorded from all the three Hypericum species, the leaf extract of H. perforatum was more effective on R. dominica, while the flower and stem of H. scabrum displayed high toxic effect on T. confusum and S. oryzae, respectively. The leaf extracts, of H. perforatum, in particular, may be used as source of new potential botanical insecticides against R. dominica in stored grains.

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