Importance of entomofauna found in cadavers for Forensic Entomology

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entomofauna found in cadavers for Forensic Entomology in the following aspects (a) Forensic Entomology in addition to criminal investigation, Medico-Legal Entomology, the entomofauna found in the corpse can provide (b) the identity of the deceased, cause of death, movement body, use of toxins or drugs, in addition to the crime scene, stored products, drug trafficking, ill-treatment, but how Entomology can help to reach the after-death interval. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1993 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from September to October 2021, through the. The mini-review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from September to October 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, Pubmed, Online Scientific Library (Scielo), internet, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Frontiers, Biological Abstract, Publons, Qeios, Portal of Scientific Journals in Health Sciences, and Pubmed, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic, Science, ERIC, Science Research.com, SEEK education, Periódicos CAPES, Google Academic, Bioline International, VADLO, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Chemical Composition, Insecticidal and Mosquito Larvicidal Activities of Allspice (Pimenta dioica) Essential Oil

Essential oils are biologically and environmentally safe pesticidal compounds yielded from aromatic plants. Spices are important sources of essential oils, and they are widely used in the medicine, food, and various other industries. Among the different spices, Allspice (Pimenta dioica) is underexplored in terms of its biological efficacy and a limited number of studies are available on the chemical composition of Allspice essential oil (AEO); thus, the present study evaluated the larvicidal property, the repellency, and the fumigant toxicity against common pests of stored products of AEO. AEO was found to inhibit the survival of larvae of such vectors as Aedis, Culex, and Armigeres species. Further, AEO was found to exert repellant effects against the pests of such stored products as Sitophilus, Callosobruchus, and Tribolium. Similarly, the fumigant toxicity was found to be high for AEO against these species. The contact toxicity of AEO was high against Sitophilus and Callosobruchus. Apart from that, the essential oil was found to be safe against a non-target organism (guppy fishes) and was found to be non-genotoxic in an Allium cepa model. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that the essential oil from Allspice could be used as an environmentally safe larvicidal and biopesticidal compound.

Prospects for Use of Biological Control of Insect and Mites for the Food Industry in North America

There are a number of strategies used to mitigate and control insect infestations in stored products and stored product facilities in North America and globally. Fumigation remains one of the main techniques used, particularly in bulk grain. Other techniques are also utilized effectively, such as the use of extreme temperatures and the use of biological control agents, but are mainly restricted to organic products and to Europe, respectively. Here, we review the past research conducted in the field of biological control for pests of stored products in North America and in Europe, its past and present successes in Europe, its challenges, and what we can learn from them to develop biological control as a viable option to problems of insect pests of stored products in North America.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Plant Oil Extracts in the Management of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Four-way olfactometer was used to evaluate Laboratory repellency activities of Azadirachta indica, Jatropha curcas and Dennitia tripetala oil extracts on Tribolium castaneum at 10µl of each oil. Each arm of the olfactometer served as treatment arm with the 3 arms accommodating the 3 test substances, respectively and the 4th arm as control. Various concentrations (1, 2 and 3% V/V) of the essential oils were evaluated for fumigant and contact toxicity against T. castaneum at 8, 16 and 24 hours durations. The results obtained showed that T. castaneum spent significantly (p<0.05) more time (min) in the control arm than the 3 arms accommodating the essential oils. Similarly, significantly (p<0.05) more number of entries were made by the insect into the control arm compared with the test arms. The application of the essential oils significantly (p<0.05) caused higher mortality at 8, 16 and 24hrs than the control for both fumigant and contact tests. The mortality of the T. castaneum increased with increase in the concentration of the essential oils. The 3% concentrations of the oil extracts significantly caused the highest mortality, 67.23±8.72, 69.22± 18.74 and 79.55±9.29% by A. indica, D. tripetala and J. curcas, respectively after 24 hours application in fumigant test. The result also indicated that the contact application of A. indica, D. tripetala and J. curcas at 3% concentrations resulted in 63.07±6.55, 70.10±2.51 and 67.4±4.06% mortality of T. castaneum, respectively. The results suggest that the oil extracts from A. indica, J. curcas and D. tripetala can be used for effective management of T. castaneum infesting stored products.

Toxicity and repellent activities of Thymus pallescens Noë. and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. essential oils against Sitophylus granarius L.

This study evaluated the toxicity and repellent activities of essential oils (EOs) against Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758), both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The EOs obtained from Thymus pallescens Noë. (Lamiaceae) and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poaceae) were analyzed by GC-MS, and revealed that carvacrol (56.64%) and geraniol (20.8%) as the respective major components. T. pallescens EO was found to be a more effective toxicant, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 9.3 and 34.6 µL/mL, respectively, in the contact test vs 8.2 and 25.3 µL/mL in the fumigation test. T. pallescens EO showed also a stronger repellent effect with values ranging from 83.4% to 100%. In the in vivo test, the survival probability decreased from 99.9 to 2.48% among insects exposed to T. pallescens EO. These data demonstrated that EOs could be considered effective alternatives to chemical insecticides, providing pest control for stored products in an ecologically sustainable manner.

Controlling Stored Products’ Pests with Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Review

To date, only a handful of pesticides have been authorized by the European Council for the protection of stored grains. Resistance issues and ecotoxicity concerns necessitate the development of ecofriendly tools in that direction. In this review, we refer to the recent findings on plant extracts and pure plant-derived substances with promising biological activity and the potential to be used as biopesticides for stored products. The main aim of biopesticides is to be effective against target pests, without harming humans and the environment. Many plant species, among those reported herein, are part of the human diet, and are thus not harmful to humans. Edible plant extracts produced with inorganic solvents represent safe candidates for use as repellants, fumigants or contact pesticides. Cinnamon, rosemary, parsley, garlic, oregano and basil are found in products destined for human consumption but also display significant biological activities. Interestingly, cinnamon is one of the most widely tested botanical matrixes, exhibiting the best lethal effects on almost all insect and mite taxa reported herein (Acaroidea, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera), followed by basil and garlic. Prunus persica,Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Carum sp. seem to be very promising too as miticides and/or insecticides, with A. indica already being represented commercially by a plant-derived acaricidal formulation.