scholarly journals Characterization of Alternaria Species Associated with Heart Rot of Pomegranate Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Francesco Aloi ◽  
Mario Riolo ◽  
Simona Marianna Sanzani ◽  
Annamaria Mincuzzi ◽  
Antonio Ippolito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit

This study was aimed at identifying Alternaria species associated with heart rot disease of pomegranate fruit in southern Italy and characterizing their mycotoxigenic profile. A total of 42 Alternaria isolates were characterized. They were obtained from pomegranate fruits with symptoms of heart rot sampled in Apulia and Sicily and grouped into six distinct morphotypes based on macro- and microscopic features. According to multigene phylogenetic analysis, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and a SCAR marker (OPA10-2), 38 isolates of morphotypes 1 to 5 were identified as Alternaria alternata, while isolates of morphotype 6, all from Sicily, clustered within the Alternaria arborescens species complex. In particular, isolates of morphotype 1, the most numerous, clustered with the ex-type isolate of A. alternata, proving to belong to A. alternata. No difference in pathogenicity on pomegranate fruits was found between isolates of A. alternata and A. arborescens and among A. alternata isolates of different morphotypes. The toxigenic profile of isolates varied greatly: in vitro, all 42 isolates produced tenuazonic acid and most of them other mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin.

scholarly journals Phylogeny and Mycotoxin Characterization of Alternaria Species Isolated from Wheat Grown in Tuscany, Italy

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ramires ◽  
Mario Masiello ◽  
Stefania Somma ◽  
Alessandra Villani ◽  
Antonia Susca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor 1Α

Wheat, the main source of carbohydrates worldwide, can be attacked by a wide number of phytopathogenic fungi, included Alternaria species. Alternaria species commonly occur on wheat worldwide and produce several mycotoxins such as tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT), provided of haemato-toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. The contamination by Alternaria species of wheat kernels, collected in Tuscany, Italy, from 2013 to 2016, was evaluated. Alternaria contamination was detected in 93 out of 100 field samples, with values ranging between 1 and 73% (mean of 18%). Selected strains were genetically characterized by multi-locus gene sequencing approach through combined sequences of allergen alt1a, glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and translation elongation factor 1α genes. Two well defined groups were generated; namely sections Alternaria and Infectoriae. Representative strains were analyzed for mycotoxin production. A different mycotoxin profile between the sections was shown. Of the 54 strains analyzed for mycotoxins, all strains included in Section Alternaria produced AOH and AME, 40 strains (99%) produced TA, and 26 strains (63%) produced ALT. On the other hand, only a very low capability to produce both AOH and AME was recorded among the Section Infectoriae strains. These data show that a potential mycotoxin risk related to the consumption of Alternaria contaminated wheat is high.

scholarly journals Characterization of mycotoxigenic Alternaria species isolated from the Tunisian halophyte Cakile maritima

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-108
Author(s):  
Arbia CHALBI ◽  
Besma SGHAIER-HAMMAMI ◽  
Giuseppe MECA ◽  
Juan Manuel QUILES ◽  
Chedly ABDELLY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Cakile Maritima ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Folk Remedies

Cakile maritima is a typical halophyte of the Mediterranean coasts. In addition to its ecological and industrial properties, C. maritima has antiscorbutic, diuretic and purgative roles in folk remedies. This plant is infected by different fungal species, mainly belonging to Alternaria genus. Two-hundred Alternaria strains were collected from four different pedo-climatic areas in Tunisia, from C. maritima fresh plant tissues showing symptoms of Alternaria infection. Phylogenetic analyses of 79 representative Alternaria strains, were carried out using multi-locus gene sequencing. All the strains clustered in the Alternaria Section: 47 strains had high homology with A. alternata reference strain, 13 grouped with A. arborescens reference strain, 12 grouped with A. mali reference strain, and seven strains were not well defined with A. mali as their closest species. In vitro production of tenuazonic acid (TA), alternariol (AOH), alternariol-monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT) was evaluated. Approx. 68% of strains simultaneously produced AOH, AME and TA. Only two A. alternata and one A. mali strains were ALT producing. Pathogenicity tests on leaves of C. maritima were carried out with 41 representative strains. Alternaria arborescens showed the greatest pathogenicity compared to A. alternata and A. mali, although no statistically significant differences in pathogenicity were observed. This is the first study on Tunisian populations of Alternaria species isolated from the extremophile C. maritima.

scholarly journals Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Beetroot Extracts against Altenaria alternata Mycotoxins on Potato Crop

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4239
Author(s):  
Nesrine H. Youssef ◽  
Sameer H. Qari ◽  
Said I. Behiry ◽  
Eldessoky S. Dessoky ◽  
Ehab I. El-Hallous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Main Components

Alternaria species, mainly air-borne fungi, affect potato plants, causing black spots symptoms. Morphological identification, pathogenicity assessment, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular identification confirmed that all isolates were Alternaria alternata. The annotated sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN592771–MN592777. HPLC analysis revealed that the fungal isolates KH3 (133,200 ng/g) and NO3 (212,000 ng/g) produced higher levels of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), respectively. Beet ethanol extract (BEE) and beet methanol extract (BME) at different concentrations were used as antimycotoxins. BME decreased the production of mycotoxins by 66.99–99.79%. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.39%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In comparison, the most effective AME reduction rate (99.79%) was shown in the NO3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In the same way, BEE application resulted in 95.60–99.91% mycotoxin reduction. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.91%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BEE treatment, while the greatest AME reduction rate (99.68%) was shown in the Alam1 isolate with 75 µg/mL BEE treatment. GC-MS analysis showed that the main constituent in BME was the antioxidant compound 1-dodecanamine, n,n-dimethyl with a peak area of 43.75%. In contrast, oxirane, methyl- (23.22%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.72%); and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.32%) were the main components in BEE found by GC-MS. They are probably antimicrobial molecules and have an effect on the mycotoxin in general. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antimycotoxigenic activity of beet extracts against A. alternata mycotoxins-contaminated potato crops in Egypt, aimed to manage and save the environment.

Identification of Pathogenic Fusarium spp. Responsible for Root Rot of Angelica sinensis and Characterization of their Biological Enemies in Dingxi, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Tian Yuan ◽  
Xia Zhao ◽  
Yue Liang ◽  
UWAREMWE CONSTANTINE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Fusarium Pathogens ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Serious Disease

Root rot is a serious disease in plantations of A. sinensis, severely affecting yield and quality and threatening sustainable production. Fusarium isolates (n=32) were obtained from field samples of root rot tissue, leaves and infected soil. Isolates were identified by comparing the sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-ɑ (TEF-1ɑ) to sequences of known species in the NCBI-database. These Fusarium isolates include F. tricinctum (43.75%), F. equiseti (31.25%), F. solani (9.37%), F. oxysporum (6.25%), F. acuminatum (6.25%), and F. incarnatum (3.12%). For pathogenicity testing under greenhouse conditions, seven isolates were selected based on a phylogenetic analysis, including four strains of F. tricinctum and one strain each of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and F. acuminatum. The seven isolates were all pathogenic but differed in their ability to infect: the four F. tricinctum strains were capable pathogens causing root rot in A. sinensis at 100% incidence and the highly aggressive. Furthermore, the symptoms of root rot induced by those seven isolates were consistent with typical root rot cases in the field, but their disease severity varied. Observed histopathological preparations of F. tricinctum-infected seedlings and tissue-slides results showed this fungal species can penetrate epidermal cells and colonize the cortical cells where it induces necrosis and severe plasmolysis. Plate confrontation experiments showed that isolated rhizosphere bacteria inhibited the Fusarium pathogens that cause root rot in A. sinensis. Our results provide timely information for informing the use of biocontrol agents for suppression of root rot disease.

Baorangia duplicatopora (Boletaceae, Boletales), a new bolete from tropical China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 508 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
XU ZHANG ◽  
ZHI-QUN LIANG ◽  
SHUAI JIANG ◽  
CHANG XU ◽  
XIN-HUA FU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Tropical China

Baorangia duplicatopora is described as a new species from Hainan Province, a tropical region of China. It is morphologically characterized by large to very large basidiomata with a dull rose red, rose pink to purplish red pileus, compound pores, pileus context near hymenophore and stipe context staining blue when injured, a red stipe, and cheilocystidia wider than those of other Baorangia species. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from part of the 28S gene, the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) also confirmed that B. duplicatopora forms an independent lineage within Baorangia. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the new species are presented. A key to species of Baorangia in the world is also provided.

Alternaria telliensis sp. nov., a new species isolated from Solanaceae in Algeria

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 440 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
NABAHAT BESSADAT ◽  
BRUNO HAMON ◽  
NELLY BATAILLE-SIMONEAU ◽  
KIHAL MABROUK ◽  
PHILIPPE SIMONEAU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Biodiversity Survey ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Elongation Factor 1 Alpha ◽  
Alternaria Species ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
North Western ◽  
A New Species

During a biodiversity survey of Alternaria associated with leaf spot and blight of Solanaceae, a large collection of strains was obtained from samples collected in north-western regions of Algeria in 2013–2018 growing seasons. Amongst these strains, three isolates recovered from tomato and potato had morphological traits different from that usually observed for Alternaria species previously reported on Solanaceae. Based on analysis of a sequence dataset corresponding to portions of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) genes along with morphological observations, isolates were identified as a new species in the section Japonicae. This novel species, described here as Alternaria telliensis, is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from A. japonica and A. nepalensis in this section. Pathogenicity tests were performed and isolates were found to be weakly pathogenic to tomato and potato (Solanaceae) while highly aggressive on radish, cabbage and turnip (Brassicaceae) plants.

scholarly journals Mapping the human translation elongation factor eEF1H complex using the yeast two-hybrid system

2002 ◽  
Vol 365 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco MANSILLA ◽  
Irene FRIIS ◽  
Mandana JADIDI ◽  
Karen M. NIELSEN ◽  
Brian F.C. CLARK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid System ◽  
Two Hybrid

In eukaryotes, the eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1A responsible for transporting amino-acylated tRNA to the ribosome forms a higher-order complex, eEF1H, with its guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor eEF1B. In metazoans, eEF1B consists of three subunits: eEF1Bα, eEF1Bβ and eEF1Bγ. The first two subunits possess the nucleotide-exchange activity, whereas the role of the last remains poorly defined. In mammals, two active tissue-specific isoforms of eEF1A have been identified. The reason for this pattern of differential expression is unknown. Several models on the basis of in vitro experiments have been proposed for the macromolecular organization of the eEF1H complex. However, these models differ in various aspects. This might be due to the difficulties of handling, particularly the eEF1Bβ and eEF1Bγ subunits in vitro. Here, the human eEF1H complex is for the first time mapped using the yeast two-hybrid system, which is a powerful in vivo technique for analysing protein—protein interactions. The following complexes were observed: eEF1A1:eEF1Bα, eEF1A1:eEF1Bβ, eEF1Bβ:eEF1Bβ, eEF1Bα:eEF1Bγ, eEF1Bβ:eEF1Bγ and eEF1Bα:eEF1Bγ:eEF1Bβ, where the last was observed using a three-hybrid approach. Surprisingly, eEF1A2 showed no or only little affinity for the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors. Truncated versions of the subunits of eEF1B were used to orientate these subunits within the resulting model. The model unit is a pentamer composed of two molecules of eEF1A, each interacting with either eEF1Bα or eEF1Bβ held together by eEF1Bγ. These units can dimerize via eEF1Bβ. Our model is compared with other models, and structural as well as functional aspects of the model are discussed.

scholarly journals Identification of autophosphorylation sites in eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase

2012 ◽  
Vol 442 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Pyr Dit Ruys ◽  
Xuemin Wang ◽  
Ewan M. Smith ◽  
Gaëtan Herinckx ◽  
Nusrat Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor ◽  
A Site

eEF2K [eEF2 (eukaryotic elongation factor 2) kinase] phosphorylates and inactivates the translation elongation factor eEF2. eEF2K is not a member of the main eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily, but instead belongs to a small group of so-called α-kinases. The activity of eEF2K is normally dependent upon Ca2+ and calmodulin. eEF2K has previously been shown to undergo autophosphorylation, the stoichiometry of which suggested the existence of multiple sites. In the present study we have identified several autophosphorylation sites, including Thr348, Thr353, Ser366 and Ser445, all of which are highly conserved among vertebrate eEF2Ks. We also identified a number of other sites, including Ser78, a known site of phosphorylation, and others, some of which are less well conserved. None of the sites lies in the catalytic domain, but three affect eEF2K activity. Mutation of Ser78, Thr348 and Ser366 to a non-phosphorylatable alanine residue decreased eEF2K activity. Phosphorylation of Thr348 was detected by immunoblotting after transfecting wild-type eEF2K into HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, but not after transfection with a kinase-inactive construct, confirming that this is indeed a site of autophosphorylation. Thr348 appears to be constitutively autophosphorylated in vitro. Interestingly, other recent data suggest that the corresponding residue in other α-kinases is also autophosphorylated and contributes to the activation of these enzymes [Crawley, Gharaei, Ye, Yang, Raveh, London, Schueler-Furman, Jia and Cote (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 2607–2616]. Ser366 phosphorylation was also detected in intact cells, but was still observed in the kinase-inactive construct, demonstrating that this site is phosphorylated not only autocatalytically but also in trans by other kinases.

A new species and a new combination in the genus Aureoboletus (Boletales, Boletaceae) from southern China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 222 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian-Kai Zeng ◽  
MING ZHANG ◽  
ZHI-QUN Liang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
A New Species

Two lineages of Aureoboletus (Boletales, Boletaceae) from southern China were revealed by using molecular data based on combined dataset of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor apha-1 (tef1-a) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1). One of them corresponds with the previous morphology-based taxon, viz. Boletellus longicollis, another one is different from those taxa described based on morphological features. And, thus, Auroboletus clavatus sp. nov. and A. longicollis comb. nov. were proposed. A detailed description, colour photos of fresh basidiomata, and a line-drawing of microscopic features of the two taxa were provided.

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