Development of Social Cost and Benefit Analysis (SCBA) in the Maqāṣid Shariah Framework: Narratives on the Use of Drones for Takaful Operators

Takaful operators are part of the Islamic financial institutions that are expected to achieve the commercial and social objectives by their stakeholders particularly the takaful participants (policyholders). First, this study aims to postulate a new framework to measure cost effectiveness by including the social and economic benefits of drone-assisted technology in the context of maqāṣid Shariah. Second, the study intends to investigate how the takaful industry can benefit from the drone-assisted technology, particularly in terms of cost reduction. This paper presents an early finding that forms part of a bigger research project which is focusing on the use of drone for disaster victim identification (DVI). This study employs thematic analysis of qualitative research method by engaging key informants who are Shariah expert, drone practitioner and accounting expert. In the context of emerging economies like Malaysia, the adoption of drone is sporadic when some industries such as military and agriculture are quite experienced with it; but for the takaful sector is almost none. This study provides preliminary findings that suggests there is potential of cost effectiveness for drone usage from the perspectives of SCBA in the maqāṣid Shariah framework. The main contributions from this paper are: (1) the new SCBA framework derived from the maqāṣid Shariah perspective and, (2) the application of this framework in examining the cost effectiveness on the use of drones by the takaful operators especially during disaster.

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447 Cost-Effectiveness of a 3-Year Tele-OSA Intervention

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.446 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A177-A177

Author(s):

Jaejin An ◽

Dennis Hwang ◽

Jiaxiao Shi ◽

Amy Sawyer ◽

Aiyu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Willingness To Pay ◽

Incremental Cost ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Small Sample ◽

Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Cost

Abstract Introduction Trial-based tele-obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) cost-effectiveness analyses have often been inconclusive due to small sample sizes and short follow-up. In this study, we report the cost-effectiveness of Tele-OSA using a larger sample from a 3-month trial that was augmented with 2.75 additional years of epidemiologic follow-up. Methods The Tele-OSA study was a 3-month randomized trial conducted in Kaiser Permanente Southern California that demonstrated improved adherence in patients receiving automated feedback messaging regarding their positive airway pressure (PAP) use when compared to usual care. At the end of the 3 months, participants in the intervention group pseudo-randomly either stopped or continued receiving messaging. This analysis included those participants who had moderate-severe OSA (Apnea Hypopnea Index >=15) and compared the cost-effectiveness of 3 groups: 1) no messaging, 2) messaging for 3 months only, and 3) messaging for 3 years. Costs were derived by multiplying medical service use from electronic medical records times costs from Federal fee schedules. Effects were average nightly hours of PAP use. We report the incremental cost per incremental hour of PAP use as well as the fraction acceptable. Results We included 256 patients with moderate-severe OSA (Group 1, n=132; Group 2, n=79; Group 3, n=45). Group 2, which received the intervention for 3 months only, had the highest costs and fewest hours of use and was dominated by the other two groups. Average 1-year costs for groups 1 and 3 were $6035 (SE, $477) and $6154 (SE, $575), respectively; average nightly hours of PAP use were 3.07 (SE, 0.23) and 4.09 (SE, 0.42). Compared to no messaging, messaging for 3 years had an incremental cost ($119, p=0.86) per incremental hour of use (1.02, p=0.03) of $117. For a willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $500 per year ($1.37/night), 3-year messaging has a 70% chance of being acceptable. Conclusion Long-term Tele-OSA messaging was more effective than no messaging for PAP use outcomes but also highly likely cost-effective with an acceptable willingness-to-pay threshold. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that this greater use will yield both clinical and additional economic benefits. Support (if any) Tele-OSA study was supported by the AASM Foundation SRA Grant #: 104-SR-13

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Large-Scale Crèche Intervention to Prevent Child Drowning in Rural Bangladesh

10.21203/rs.3.rs-402414/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Y. Natalia Alfonso ◽

Adnan A Hyder ◽

Olakunle Alonge ◽

Shumona Sharmin Salam ◽

Kamran Baset ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Societal Perspective ◽

Large Scale ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Program Cost ◽

Rural Bangladesh ◽

Life Years ◽

The Cost

Abstract Drowning is the leading cause of death among children 12-59 months old in rural Bangladesh. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a large-scale crèche intervention in preventing child drowning. Estimates of the effectiveness of the crèches was based on prior studies and the program cost was assessed using monthly program expenditures captured prospectively throughout the study period from two different implementing agencies. The study evaluated the cost-effectiveness from both a program and societal perspective. Results showed that from the program perspective the annual operating cost of a crèche was $416.35 (95%C.I.: $222 to $576), the annual cost per child was $16 (95%C.I.: $9 to $22) and the incremental-cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life saved with the crèches was $17,803 (95%C.I.: $9,051 to $27,625). From the societal perspective (including parents time valued) the ICER per life saved was -$176,62 (95%C.I.: -$347,091 to -$67,684)—meaning crèches generated net economic benefits per child enrolled. Based on the ICER per disability-adjusted-life years averted from the societal perspective (excluding parents time), $2,020, the crèche intervention was cost-effective even when the societal economic benefits were ignored. Based on the evidence, the creche intervention has great potential for reducing child drowning at a cost that is reasonable.

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The Cost Effectiveness of Preventing Preterm Delivery in Twin Pregnancies

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae twin research ◽

10.1017/s0001566000005286 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 361-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

E. Papiernik ◽

L.G. Keith

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Social Cost ◽

Premature Delivery ◽

Ultrasound Screening ◽

Total Cost ◽

The Social ◽

Expectant Mothers ◽

The Cost ◽

Twin Pregnancies

AbstractAs an extension of previous work on the risk of prematurity in singletons and on the social cost of twin births, an analysis has been carried out into the cost effectiveness of preventing premature delivery in twin pregnancies. The cost of prevention is assessed in terms of early diagnosis through ultrasound screening and of an extra 11 weeks of work leave to expectant mothers. When this cost is compared to the social cost involved in the transfer of newborns to neonatal intensity care units and in supporting handicapped children, it is concluded that the total cost of prevention corresponds to one-third of the long-term costs associated to lack of prevention.

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Discussion on cost control experience in construction project management

Smart Construction Research ◽

10.18063/scr.v2i3.587 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Lining Liu ◽

Jie Sun ◽

Yanshan Ni ◽

Shun Yang ◽

Ping’an Song

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Cost Control ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Construction Project Management ◽

Whole Process ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

Control And Management ◽

The Cost

With the current social and economic development, people have a new understanding of the development of the construction industry, from the quality of building to the cost of building work to management, it can be said to be a series of updates. Traditional cost control has been unable to meet the needs of the current society, for consumers, the quality is the most important, including the control and management of project cost. However, for the investors, it is necessary to control the cost and help the control of a large number of funds. This paper carries out work on the cost control and management of the whole process of the construction industry, from the relationship between the two to the suggestions between the two, to improve the economic benefits for the development of the construction industry, and to bring great benefits for the social development.

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Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Artesunate Against Quinine Treatment Therapy for Severe Malaria in Children Under 14 Years in Zambia.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-141367/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Mtalimanja ◽

James Lamon Mtalimanja ◽

Zhengyuan Xu ◽

Wenwen Du ◽

Wei Xu

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Severe Malaria ◽

Healthcare Provider ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽

Health Management Information System ◽

Care Providers ◽

Effectiveness Analysis ◽

The Cost

Abstract BackgroundMalaria exerts a significant economic burden on health care providers and households. Also, the cost of inpatient care for a case of severe malaria further exerts a heavy financial burden on most countries with already limited recourses. Therefore, it is essential to provide policy makers with relevant economic evidence on economic benefits of health care control, preventive and curative strategies.MethodsCost-effectiveness analysis of severe malaria treatment was conducted from a healthcare provider perspective using a decision tree. Standard costing was performed for the identification, measurement and assessment phases, with data from Zambia annual quantification reports for anti-malaria commodities. The data was collected from Health Management information system, and meta-analysis. Average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were estimated. The uncertainties were assessed through probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsSevere Malaria in Children has been shown to account for over 45% of the total monthly curative healthcare costs incurred by households compared to the mean per capita monthly income. The cost of treating severe malaria depleted 7.67% of the monthly average household income. In addition, the cost attributed to loss of income in taking care of a sick child is the highest contributor $10.5 of total cost followed by direct medical costs $7.75. According, to the cost effectiveness analysis the of Artesunate with quinine the ICER was $105 per death averted.ConclusionThe use of Artesunate over Quinine in the treatment of severe malaria in children under 14years is a highly cost-effective strategy for the healthcare provider in Zambia.

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The health economic benefits of perioperative patient warming for prevention of blood loss and transfusion requirements as a consequence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia

Journal of Perioperative Practice ◽

10.1177/1750458918776558 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (9) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andy Ingram ◽

Mark Harper

Keyword(s):

Health Economic ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Blood Loss ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Perioperative Hypothermia ◽

Patient Pathways ◽

Transfusion Requirements ◽

The Cost

Active warming of patients is recommended by The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (IPH). This paper examines the cost effectiveness of one consequence of IPH, an increase in blood loss and the resulting transfusion risk. We quantified the risk and modelled two patient pathways, one with and one without warming, across two different surgery types. We were able to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of active warming based on one consequence even allowing for uncertainties in the model.

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Cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

10.1101/2021.04.28.21256237 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark J. Siedner ◽

Christopher Alba ◽

Kieran P. Fitzmaurice ◽

Rebecca F. Gilbert ◽

Justine A. Scott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Middle Income ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

One Year ◽

The Cost ◽

Benefits And Costs ◽

Low And Middle Income

Despite the advent of safe and highly effective COVID-19 vaccines, pervasive inequities in global distribution persist. In response, multinational partners have proposed programs to allocate vaccines to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Yet, there remains a substantial funding gap for such programs. Further, the optimal vaccine supply is unknown and the cost-effectiveness of investments into global vaccination programs has not been described. We used a validated COVID-19 simulation model8 to project the health benefits and costs of reaching 20%-70% vaccine coverage in 91 LMICs. We show that funding 20% vaccine coverage over one year among 91 LMICs would prevent 294 million infections and 2 million deaths, with 26 million years of life saved at a cost of US$6.4 billion, for an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$250/year of life saved (YLS). Increasing vaccine coverage up to 50% would prevent millions more infections and save hundreds of thousands of additional lives, with ICERs below US$8,000/YLS. Results were robust to variations in vaccine efficacy and hesitancy, but were more sensitive to assumptions about epidemic pace and vaccination costs. These results support efforts to fund vaccination programs in LMICs and complement arguments about health equity, economic benefits, and pandemic control11.

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Research on the Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness of Universities

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2922 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 2922-2925

Author(s):

Cheng Wang

Keyword(s):

Data Envelopment Analysis ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Evaluation Model ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

New Method ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

Normal University ◽

The Cost

The cost-effectiveness of universities is relative to the factors of economic benefits and social benefits. Considering these factors, an evaluation model for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of universities is established based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in this paper. And this model is applied in the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of Huanggang Normal University combined with this universitys educational reality, and a better evaluation results is got. The study in this paper provides a theoretical basis and a new method for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of universities.

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Health economic analyses of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S71-S74

Author(s):

Hugo C Turner

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Economic ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Economic Research ◽

The Cost

Abstract The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was established by the WHO in 2000. It aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This paper summarises the key estimates of the cost-effectiveness and economic benefits related to the mass drug administration (MDA) provided by the GPELF. Several studies have investigated the cost-effectiveness of this MDA, estimating the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. These cost-effectiveness estimates have consistently classed the intervention as cost-effective and as favourable compared with other public health interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Studies have also found that the MDA used for lymphatic filariasis control generates significant economic benefits. Although these studies are positive, there are still important gaps that warrant further health economic research (particularly, the evaluation of alternative interventions, further evaluation of morbidity management strategies and evaluation of interventions for settings coendemic with Loa loa). To conclude, health economic studies for a programme as large as the GPELF are subject to uncertainty. That said, the GPELF has consistently been estimated to be cost-effective and to generate notable economic benefits by a number of independent studies.

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