Subsurface MIMO: A Beamforming Design in Internet of Underground Things for Digital Agriculture Applications

In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), transmit beamforming is used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the underground soil medium through which the waves propagate to reach the receiver. When the UG receiver receives a desired data stream only from the desired path, then the UG MIMO channel becomes a three-path (lateral, direct, and reflected) interference channel. Accordingly, the capacity region of the UG MIMO three-path interference channel, and the degrees of freedom (multiplexing gain of this MIMO channel) requires careful modeling. Therefore, expressions are required for the degrees of freedom of the UG MIMO interference channel. The underground receiver needs to perfectly cancel the interference from the three different components of the EM waves propagating in the soil medium. This concept is based upon reducing the interference of the undesired components to a minimum level at the UG receiver using the receive beamforming. In this paper, underground environment-aware MIMO using transmit and receive beamforming has been developed. The optimal transmit and receive beamforming, combining vectors under minimal intercomponent interference constraints, are derived. It is shown that UG MIMO performs best when all three components of the wireless UG channel are leveraged for beamforming. The environment-aware UG MIMO technique leads to three-fold performance improvements and paves the way for design and development of next-generation sensor-guided irrigation systems in the field of digital agriculture. Based on the analysis of underground radio-wave propagation in subsurface radio channels, a phased-array antenna design is presented that uses water content information and beam-steering mechanisms to improve efficiency and communication range of wireless underground communications. It is shown that the subsurface beamforming using phased-array antennas improves wireless underground communications by using the array element optimization and soil–air interface refraction adjustment schemes. This design is useful for subsurface communication system where sophisticated sensors and software systems are used as data collection tools that measure, record, and manage spatial and temporal data in the field of digital agriculture.

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Coordinate Transformation for Phased Array Antenna Beam Steering Using GPS and Ship's Motion Data

10.21236/ada382543 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Dieter R. Lohrmann

Keyword(s):

Coordinate Transformation ◽

Phased Array ◽

Beam Steering ◽

Array Antenna ◽

Phased Array Antenna ◽

Antenna Beam ◽

Motion Data

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Ka-band Full Polarization Reconfigurable 1D Beam Steering Staggered Butterfly Phased Array Antenna

2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting ◽

10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9330297 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ghanshyam Mishra ◽

Satish K. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Beam Steering ◽

Array Antenna ◽

Phased Array Antenna ◽

Ka Band

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Simultaneous beam steering of multiple signals based on optical wavelength-selective switch

International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies ◽

10.1017/s1759078715000707 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

pp. 391-398

Author(s):

Giovanni Serafino ◽

Antonio Malacarne ◽

Claudio Porzi ◽

Paolo Ghelfi ◽

Marco Presi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Phase Shifter ◽

Phased Array ◽

Beam Steering ◽

Array Antenna ◽

Ring Resonators ◽

Antenna Element ◽

Phased Array Antenna ◽

Wavelength Selective Switch

A novel, photonics-based scheme for the independent and simultaneous beam steering of multiple radio frequency signals at a wideband phased-array antenna is presented. As a proof of concept, a wavelength-selective switch (WSS) is employed both as a wavelength router to feed multiple antenna elements and as a tunable phase shifter to independently control the phase of each signal at any antenna element. In the experiment, two signals at 12.5 and 37.5 GHz are simultaneously fed to the four output ports of the WSS with independent and tunable phase shifts, emulating the independent steering of two signals in a four-element phased-array antenna. The results confirm the precision and flexibility of the proposed scheme, which can be realized both with bulk components or resorting to photonic integrated circuits, especially for wide-band applications. The architecture for a possible integrated implementation of the proposed solution is presented, employing a structure based on micro-ring resonator. Starting from these results, the feasibility of an integrated version of the presented architecture is also considered. The proposed photonic integrated circuit realizing the beam-forming network might be based on tunable true-time delay, as well as on phase shift through micro-ring resonators, and could be conveniently implemented with CMOS-compatible silicon technology.

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A Compressed Sensing-Based Element Failure Diagnosis Method for Phased Array Antenna During Beam Steering

IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters ◽

10.1109/lawp.2019.2929353 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 1756-1760 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Can Xiong ◽

Gaobiao Xiao ◽

Yibei Hou ◽

Musab Hameed

Keyword(s):

Compressed Sensing ◽

Phased Array ◽

Beam Steering ◽

Array Antenna ◽

Failure Diagnosis ◽

Phased Array Antenna ◽

Diagnosis Method ◽

Element Failure

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Design of ultra-wide tetra band phased array inverted T-shaped patch antennas using DGS with beam-steering capabilities for 5G applications

International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies ◽

10.1017/s1759078719001594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 419-430

Author(s):

Muhammad Anas ◽

Hifsa Shahid ◽

Abdul Rauf ◽

Abdullah Shahid

Keyword(s):

Phased Array ◽

Beam Steering ◽

High Gain ◽

Ultra Wideband ◽

Main Beam ◽

Antenna Element ◽

Patch Antennas ◽

Defected Ground Structure ◽

Phased Array Antenna ◽

Millimeter Wave Antenna

AbstractA novel 1 × 4 phased array elliptical inverted T-shaped slotted sectored patch antenna with defected ground structure (DGS), resonate at proposed ultra-wide tetra band at 28, 43, 51, and 64 GHz with high gain and beam-steering capabilities is presented. An inverted T-shaped slotted stub is used with the sectored patch to achieve ultra-wideband properties. In order to resonate the antenna at four different bands, DGS of round bracket slot is etched on the ground. The 1 × 4 phased arrays are used at the top edge and bottom edge of mobile PCB with high gain. The simulation results show that the antenna has four ultra-wide bands: 25.8–29.7, 40.6–44.6, 49.2–53.1, and 62.2–74 GHz with a maximum gain of 16.5 dBi at 51 GHz. The phased array antenna is capable to steer its main beam within ±30° at the 26, 28, and 43 GHz, using appropriate phase shifts of each antenna element. The proposed millimeter wave antenna is particularly suitable for cellular infrastructures and can be a candidate for emerging 5G mobile applications. The availability of an additional 11.8 GHz (62.2–74 GHz) of contiguous unlicensed spectrum will allow the launching of new exciting wireless services.

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