scholarly journals Toward Experimental Evolution with Giant Vesicles

Life ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Sugiyama ◽  
Taro Toyota
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Cell Models ◽  
Giant Vesicles ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Oil Emulsions

Experimental evolution in chemical models of cells could reveal the fundamental mechanisms of cells today. Various chemical cell models, water-in-oil emulsions, oil-on-water droplets, and vesicles have been constructed in order to conduct research on experimental evolution. In this review, firstly, recent studies with these candidate models are introduced and discussed with regards to the two hierarchical directions of experimental evolution (chemical evolution and evolution of a molecular self-assembly). Secondly, we suggest giant vesicles (GVs), which have diameters larger than 1 µm, as promising chemical cell models for studying experimental evolution. Thirdly, since technical difficulties still exist in conventional GV experiments, recent developments of microfluidic devices to deal with GVs are reviewed with regards to the realization of open-ended evolution in GVs. Finally, as a future perspective, we link the concept of messy chemistry to the promising, unexplored direction of experimental evolution in GVs.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Gaurav Ranabhat ◽  
Ashmita Dhakal ◽  
Saurav Ranabhat ◽  
Ananta Dhakal ◽  
Rakshya Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
New Development ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
Stable Yield ◽  
As Stress

Modern biotechnology enables an organism to produce a totally new product which the organism does not or cannot produce normally through the incorporation of the technology of ‘Genetic engineering’. Biotechnology shows its technical merits and new development prospects in breeding of new plants varieties with high and stable yield, good quality, as well as stress tolerance and resistance. Some of the most prevailing problems faced in agricultural ecosystems could be solved with the introduction of transgenic crops incorporated with traits for insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance and resistance to viral diseases. Plant biotechnology has gained importance in the recent past for increasing the quality and quantity of agricultural, horticultural, ornamental plants, and in manipulating the plants for improved agronomic performance. Recent developments in the genome sequencing will have far reaching implications for future agriculture. From this study, we can know that the developing world adopts these fast-changing technologies soon and harness their unprecedented potential for the future benefit of human being.

scholarly journals O23: CHARACTERISING PATIENT-DERIVED COLORECTAL CANCER TISSUE-ORIGINATED ORGANOIDAL SPHEROIDS FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT MICROFLUIDIC APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MI Khot ◽  
M Levenstein ◽  
R Coppo ◽  
J Kondo ◽  
M Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Cell Models

Abstract Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) cell models have gained reputation as better representations of in vivo cancers as compared to monolayered cultures. Recently, patient tumour tissue-derived organoids have advanced the scope of complex in vitro models, by allowing patient-specific tumour cultures to be generated for developing new medicines and patient-tailored treatments. Integrating 3D cell and organoid culturing into microfluidics, can streamline traditional protocols and allow complex and precise high-throughput experiments to be performed with ease. Method Patient-derived colorectal cancer tissue-originated organoidal spheroids (CTOS) cultures were acquired from Kyoto University, Japan. CTOS were cultured in Matrigel and stem-cell media. CTOS were treated with 5-fluorouracil and cytotoxicity evaluated via fluorescent imaging and ATP assay. CTOS were embedded, sectioned and subjected to H&E staining and immunofluorescence for ABCG2 and Ki67 proteins. HT29 colorectal cancer spheroids were produced on microfluidic devices using cell suspensions and subjected to 5-fluorouracil treatment via fluid flow. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through fluorescent imaging and LDH assay. Result 5-fluorouracil dose-dependent reduction in cell viability was observed in CTOS cultures (p<0.01). Colorectal CTOS cultures retained the histology, tissue architecture and protein expression of the colonic epithelial structure. Uniform 3D HT29 spheroids were generated in the microfluidic devices. 5-fluorouracil treatment of spheroids and cytotoxic analysis was achieved conveniently through fluid flow. Conclusion Patient-derived CTOS are better complex models of in vivo cancers than 3D cell models and can improve the clinical translation of novel treatments. Microfluidics can streamline high-throughput screening and reduce the practical difficulties of conventional organoid and 3D cell culturing. Take-home message Organoids are the most advanced in vitro models of clinical cancers. Microfluidics can streamline and improve traditional laboratory experiments.

Histidine Self-assembly and Stability on Mineral Surfaces as a Model of Prebiotic Chemical Evolution: An Experimental and Computational Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Madrigal-Trejo ◽  
P.S. Villanueva-Barragán ◽  
R. Zamudio-Ramírez ◽  
K. E. Cervantes-de la Cruz ◽  
I. Mejía-Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Mineral Surfaces ◽  
Prebiotic Chemical

Hydrogen-Bonding Mediated Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic ABA Triblock Copolymers into Well-Defined Giant Vesicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiying Wang ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Zhen Geng ◽  
Jingyi Rao ◽  
Bijin Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Triblock Copolymers ◽  
Giant Vesicles

Giant vesicles represent an extremely useful system to mimick biomembranes; however, available methodologies towards easy and direct vesicles construction are still scarce. By designing a hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) amphiphilic ABA triblock...

Highlights in the Milky Way

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S334) ◽  
pp. 298-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Matteucci ◽  
Emanuele Spitoni ◽  
Valeria Grisoni
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Chemical Evolution ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Formation And Evolution

AbstractWe discuss some important topics concerning the chemical evolution of the Milky Way. In particular, we compare the predictions of theoretical chemical models for our Galaxy with the latest observational data in order to derive constraint on the formation and evolution of the various Galactic components.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics of structured fluids. Hard science for soft materials

2000 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1819-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Prausnitz
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Soft Materials ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Molecular Physics ◽  
Fluid Structure ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Structured Fluids ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Narrow Space

At liquid-like densities, molecules of complex fluids can assume a variety of structures (or positions) in space; when the molecules contain many atoms as, for example, in polymers, that variety becomes very large. Further, when confined to a narrow space, it is possible to achieve structures that are not normally observed. Thanks to recent advances in statistical mechanics and molecular physics, and thanks to increasingly fast computers, it is now possible to calculate a fluid's structure, that is, the positions of molecules at equilibrium under given conditions. Calculation of fluid structure is useful because thermodynamic properties depend strongly on that structure, leading to possible applications for new materials. Three examples illustrate some recent developments; each example is presented only schematically (with a minimum of equations) to indicate the physical basis of the mathematical description. The first example considers the effect of branching on self-assembly (micellization) of copolymers (with possible long-range applications in medicine). The second and third examples consider the effect of confinement on fluid structure: first, crystallization in a narrow, confined space to produce a desired crystal structure (with possible applications for light-emitting diodes) and second, suppression of micellization of a diblock copolymer in a thin film (with possible application in lithography). Whenever possible, theoretical calculations are compared with experimental results.

Template-free multicomponent coordination-driven self-assembly of Pd(ii)/Pt(ii) molecular cages

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (18) ◽  
pp. 2239-2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Mukherjee ◽  
Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Assembly Process ◽  
Molecular Cages ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ligand Coordination ◽  
Template Free ◽  
Metal Ligand

This article summarizes the recent developments in the construction of multicomponent molecular hollowed-out cages through the metal–ligand coordination-driven self-assembly process, with a focus on the decreasing relevance of the use of templates.

scholarly journals Block copolymer self-assembly in ionic liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (39) ◽  
pp. 25123-25139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Tamate ◽  
Kei Hashimoto ◽  
Takeshi Ueki ◽  
Masayoshi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in block copolymer self-assembly in ionic liquids are reviewed from both fundamental and applied aspects.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Non-Uniform Functionalized Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Giant Vesicles in the Presence of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadora Berlanga
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Triblock Copolymer ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Giant Vesicles ◽  
Bz Reaction ◽  
Reversible Addition ◽  
Morphological Transitions ◽  
New Perspective

Giant vesicles with several-micrometer diameters were prepared by the self-assembly of an amphiphilic block copolymer in the presence of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The vesicle is composed of a non-uniform triblock copolymer synthesized by multi-step reactions in the presence of air at room temperature. The triblock copolymer contains poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) as the hydrophilic block copolymerized with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3), which catalyzes the BZ reaction, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) as the hydrophobic block. In this new approach, the radicals generated in the BZ reaction can activate a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to self-assemble the polymer into vesicles with diameters of approximately 3 µm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrated that the PGMA-b-Ru(bpy)3-b-PHPMA triblock copolymer is brominated and increases the osmotic pressure inside the vesicle, leading to micrometer-sized features. The effect of solvent on the morphological transitions are also discussed briefly. This BZ strategy, offers a new perspective to prepare giant vesicles as a platform for promising applications in the areas of microencapsulation and catalyst support, due to their significant sizes and large microcavities.

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