Sigmoidal Dependence of Electrical Conductivity of Thin PEDOT:PSS Films on Concentration of Linear Glycols as a Processing Additive

We investigate the sigmoidal concentration dependence of electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) processed with linear glycol-based additives such as ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), hexaethylene glycol (HEG), and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME). We observe that a sharp transition of conductivity occurs at the additive concentration of ~0.6 wt.%. EG, DEG, and TEG are effective in conductivity enhancement, showing the saturation conductivities of 271.8, 325.4, and 326.2 S/cm, respectively. Optical transmittance and photoelectron spectroscopic features are rather invariant when the glycols are used as an additive. Two different figures of merit, calculated from both sheet resistance and optical transmittance to describe the performance of the transparent electrodes, indicate that both DEG and TEG are two most effective additives among the series in fabrication of transparent electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS films with a thickness of ~50–60 nm.

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A Review of the Developed New Model Biodiesels and Their Effects on Engine Combustion and Emissions

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8112303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 2303 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shenghua Liu ◽

Wei Chen ◽

Zengqiang Zhu ◽

Sa Jiang ◽

Tongtong Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Oxygen Content ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Triethylene Glycol ◽

Monomethyl Ether ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether ◽

Glycol Monomethyl Ether ◽

New Model ◽

Engine Combustion

Biodiesel is regarded to be a renewable, CO2 neutral and thus sustainable biological alternative diesel fuel. With attention to the reduction of petroleum import, PM 2.5 aerosol particles and the greenhouse effect gas CO2, biodiesel has drawn great research interests and efforts in the past decade in China. Generally, biodiesel refers to fatty acid methyl ether (FAME) which has a proved effect in reducing diesel emission, particularly PM. However, FAME has a limited cetane number and oxygen content, to study the effects of elevated cetane number and oxygen content on fuel properties, engine combustion and emissions, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether is used to produce a series of new models of biodiesels by transesterification method. The feedstocks are rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil and cottonseed oil. Ether group alcohols used in this study include ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The molecular structure was proved by FT-IR and NMR analyses. Fuel properties were measured based on the corresponding standards. The developed new model biodiesels have cetane number (CN) over 70 and oxygen content over 17% by mass, which are higher than FAME (50 CN and 11% oxygen). They have the same level of lower heating value as FAME, but have a higher density, which helps to compensate the decrease of engine power. Meanwhile, the engine tests were carried out to investigate the effects of ether ester group on engine combustion and emissions. The test results show that FAME reduced smoke 30% to 50%, while the new model biodiesel fuels reduced engine smoke as high as 80% and have the potential to decrease engine HC, CO and NOx emissions 50% or more.

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The State and Optical Properties of Crystalline BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Dispersed in Various Suspension Media

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.350.51 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 350 ◽

pp. 51-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mikiko Koyama ◽

Sachi Murakami ◽

Naoki Iwaji ◽

Hiromichi Takebe ◽

Makoto Kuwabara

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Barium Titanate ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Behavior Pattern ◽

Optical Transmittance ◽

Monomethyl Ether ◽

The State ◽

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether ◽

Glycol Monomethyl Ether

An investigation has been made on the state of barium titanate (BaTiO3; BTO, hereafter) nanoparticles of 10-15 nm in diameter dispersed in various suspension media, such as 2-methoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether: EGMME) with and without acetylacetone (Acac), ethanol, and isopropanol. The state of the nanoparticles dispersed in these suspension media is deduced from the behavior pattern of their optical transmittance (T), in the wavelength (λ) range of 300-900 nm; the concentration (c) of BTO nanoparticles in the suspensions was varied from 0.01 to 0.25 mol/L. T-c plots obtained for EGMME+Acac and EGMME suspensions at various wavelengths indicate that BTO nanoparticles take two and three different states in the suspensions, respectively, from mono-dispersed to agglomerated states with increasing c.

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