scholarly journals Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds for Flow Battery Applications: Symmetry and Counter Ion Design to Avoid Low-Solubility Polymorphs

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Sergio Navarro Garcia ◽  
Xian Yang ◽  
Laura Bereczki ◽  
Dénes Kónya
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Central Symmetry ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Flow Batteries ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Flow batteries can play an important role as energy storage media in future electricity grids. Organic compounds, based on abundant elements, are appealing alternatives as redox couples for redox flow batteries. The straightforward scalability, the independence of material sources, and the potentially attractive price motivate researchers to investigate this technological area. Four different benzyl-morpholino hydroquinone derivatives were synthesized as potential redox active species. Compounds bearing central symmetry were shown to be about an order of magnitude less soluble in water than isomers without central symmetry. Counter ions also affected solubility. Perchlorate, chlorate, sulfate and phosphate anions were investigated as counter ions. The formations of different polymorphs was observed, showing that their solubility is not a function of their structure. The kinetics of the transformation can give misleading solubility values according to Ostwald’s rule. The unpredictability of both the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the formation of polymorphs is a danger for new organic compounds designed for flow battery applications.

Sorption of radionuclides to a cementitious backfill material under near-field conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3401-3410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Felipe-Sotelo ◽  
J. Hinchliff ◽  
N. Evans ◽  
P. Warwick ◽  
D. Read
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Organic Ligand ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Backfill Material ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

AbstractThe sorption behaviour of I−, Cs+, Ni2+, Eu3+, Th4+ and UO2+2on NRVB (Nirex reference vault backfill) a possible vault backfill, at pH 12.8 was studied. Sorption isotherms generated were compared to results obtained in the presence of cellulose degradation products (CDP). Whereas Cs was not affected by the presence of the organic compounds, a notable reduction in the sorption of Th and Eu to cement was observed. The results also indicated limited removal of Ni from solution (with or without an organic ligand) by sorption, the concentration in solution seemingly being determined solely by solubility processes. In the case of uranium, the presence of CDP increased the sorption to cement by almost one order of magnitude. Further studies into the uptake of CDP by cement are being undertaken to identify the mechanism(s) responsible.

scholarly journals Calculation of Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds

1982 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.B. Tewari ◽  
M.M. Miller ◽  
S.P. Wasik
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Solubility

Synthesis and investigation of imidazolium functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone)s as anion exchange membranes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 6029-6037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Lu ◽  
Lele Wen ◽  
Feng Nie ◽  
Lixin Xue
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Redox Flow Batteries ◽  
Arylene Ether ◽  
Flow Batteries ◽  
Vanadium Redox

A serials of imidazolium functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone) as anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) application are synthesized successfully in this study.

Tuning Ferrous Coordination Structure Enables a Highly Reversible Fe Anode for Long-life All-iron Flow Batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxi Song ◽  
Kaiyue Zhang ◽  
Xiangrong Li ◽  
Chuanwei Yan ◽  
Qinghua Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Coordination Structure ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Flow Batteries ◽  
Energy Storage Applications ◽  
Long Life ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Aqueous all-iron flow battery is a promising alternative for large-scale energy storage applications due to low cost and high safety. However, inferior Fe plating/stripping reversibility and hydrolysis of Fe2+ at...

Limited Accessibility to Surface Area Generated by Thermal Pretreatment of Electrodes Reduces Its Impact on Redox Flow Battery Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Greco ◽  
Jude Bonesteel ◽  
Nicolas Chanut ◽  
Charles Wan ◽  
Yet- Ming Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Carbon Paper ◽  
Thermal Pretreatment ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Redox Species ◽  
Physical Surface

Thermal oxidation of carbon electrodes is a common approach to improving flow battery performance. Here, we investigate how thermal pretreatment increases electrode surface area and the effect this added surface area has on electrode performance. Specifically, we rigorously analyze the surface area of Freudenberg H23 carbon paper electrodes, a binder-free model material, by systematically varying pretreatment temperature (400, 450, and 500 °C) and time (0 to 24 h) and evaluating changes in the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the electrodes. We compare physical surface area, measured by a combination of gas adsorption techniques, to surface area measured via electrochemical double layer capacitance. We find good agreement between the two at shorter treatment times (0-3 h); however, at longer treatment times (6-24 h), the surface area measured electrochemically is an underestimate of the physical surface area. Further, we use gas adsorption to measure a pore size distribution and find that the majority of pores are in the micropore range (< 2 nm), and ca. 60% of the added surface area are in the sub-nanometer (< 1 nm) pore size range. We postulate that the solvated radii and imperfect wetting of electrochemical species may hinder active species transport into these recessed regions, explaining the discrepancy between electrochemical and physical surface area. These results are supported with in situ flow cell testing, where single-electrolyte polarization measurements show little improvement with increasing surface area. Further, using a simple convection-reaction model to simulate electrode overpotential as a function of surface area, we find that increasing surface area improves the performance to a point, but the mass transport to and the catalytic activity of the reaction sites offer greater comparative impact. Ultimately, this work aims to inform the design of electrodes that offer maximal accessible surface area to redox species.

Limited Accessibility to Surface Area Generated by Thermal Pretreatment of Electrodes Reduces Its Impact on Redox Flow Battery Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Greco ◽  
Jude Bonesteel ◽  
Nicolas Chanut ◽  
Charles Wan ◽  
Yet- Ming Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Carbon Paper ◽  
Thermal Pretreatment ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Redox Species ◽  
Physical Surface

Thermal oxidation of carbon electrodes is a common approach to improving flow battery performance. Here, we investigate how thermal pretreatment increases electrode surface area and the effect this added surface area has on electrode performance. Specifically, we rigorously analyze the surface area of Freudenberg H23 carbon paper electrodes, a binder-free model material, by systematically varying pretreatment temperature (400, 450, and 500 °C) and time (0 to 24 h) and evaluating changes in the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the electrodes. We compare physical surface area, measured by a combination of gas adsorption techniques, to surface area measured via electrochemical double layer capacitance. We find good agreement between the two at shorter treatment times (0-3 h); however, at longer treatment times (6-24 h), the surface area measured electrochemically is an underestimate of the physical surface area. Further, we use gas adsorption to measure a pore size distribution and find that the majority of pores are in the micropore range (< 2 nm), and ca. 60% of the added surface area are in the sub-nanometer (< 1 nm) pore size range. We postulate that the solvated radii and imperfect wetting of electrochemical species may hinder active species transport into these recessed regions, explaining the discrepancy between electrochemical and physical surface area. These results are supported with in situ flow cell testing, where single-electrolyte polarization measurements show little improvement with increasing surface area. Further, using a simple convection-reaction model to simulate electrode overpotential as a function of surface area, we find that increasing surface area improves the performance to a point, but the mass transport to and the catalytic activity of the reaction sites offer greater comparative impact. Ultimately, this work aims to inform the design of electrodes that offer maximal accessible surface area to redox species.

scholarly journals Effects of State of Charge on the Physical Characteristics of V(IV)/V(V) Electrolytes and Membrane for the All Vanadium Flow Battery

Batteries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Wyndom S. Chace ◽  
Sophia M. Tiano ◽  
Thomas M. Arruda ◽  
Jamie S. Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Rotational Diffusion ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Vanadium Concentration ◽  
H2so4 Concentration ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The VO2+/VO2+ redox couple commonly employed on the positive terminal of the all-vanadium redox flow battery was investigated at various states of charge (SOC) and H2SO4 supporting electrolyte concentrations. Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to investigate the VO2+ concentration and translational and rotational diffusion coefficient (DT, DR) in both bulk solution and Nafion membranes. Values of DT and DR were relatively unaffected by SOC and on the order of 10−10 m2s−1. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that no significant changes to the redox mechanism were observed as the state of charge increased; however, the mechanism does appear to be affected by H2SO4 concentration. Electron transfer rate (k0) increased by an order of magnitude (10−6 ms−1 to 10−8 ms−1) for each H2SO4 concentrations investigated (1, 3 and 5 M). Analysis of cyclic voltammetry switching currents suggests that the technique might be suitable for fast determination of state of charge if the system is well calibrated. Membrane uptake and permeability measurements show that vanadium absorption and crossover is more dependent on both acid and vanadium concentration than state of charge. Vanadium diffusion in the membrane is about an order of magnitude slower (~10−11 m2s−1) than in solution (~10−10 m2s−1).

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