scholarly journals Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2044
Author(s):  
Ritu Rana ◽  
Marie McGrath ◽  
Paridhi Gupta ◽  
Ekta Thakur ◽  
Marko Kerac
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cup Feeding ◽  
Feeding Interventions ◽  
Positive Effect

(1) Introduction: Current evidence on managing infants under six months with growth failure or other nutrition-related risk is sparse and low quality. This review aims to inform research priorities to fill this evidence gap, focusing on breastfeeding practices. (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Cochrane Library for studies on feeding interventions that aim to restore or improve the volume or quality of breastmilk and breastfeeding when breastfeeding practices are sub-optimal or prematurely stopped. We included studies from both low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. (3) Results: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were from high-income countries (n = 35, 74.5%) and included infants who were at risk of growth failure at birth (preterm infants/small for gestational age) and newborns with early growth faltering. Interventions included formula fortification or supplementation (n = 31, 66%), enteral feeds (n = 8, 17%), cup feeding (n = 2, 4.2%), and other (n = 6, 12.8%). Outcomes included anthropometric change (n = 40, 85.1%), reported feeding practices (n = 16, 34%), morbidity (n = 11, 23.4%), and mortality (n = 5, 10.6%). Of 31 studies that assessed formula fortification or supplementation, 30 reported anthropometric changes (n = 17 no effect, n = 9 positive, n = 4 mixed), seven morbidity (n = 3 no effect, n = 2 positive, n = 2 negative), five feeding (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), and four mortality (n = 3 no effect, n = 1 negative). Of eight studies that assessed enteral feed interventions, seven reported anthropometric changes (n = 4 positive, n = 3 no effect), five feeding practices (n = 2 positive, n = 2 no effect, n = 1 negative), four morbidity (n = 4 no effect), and one reported mortality (n = 1 no effect). Overall, interventions with positive effects on feeding practices were cup feeding compared to bottle-feeding among preterm; nasogastric tube feed compared to bottle-feeding among low birth weight preterm; and early progressive feeding compared to delayed feeding among extremely low birth weight preterm. Bovine/cow milk feeding and high volume feeding interventions had an unfavourable effect, while electric breast pump and Galactagogue had a mixed effect. Regarding anthropometric outcomes, overall, macronutrient fortified formula, cream supplementation, and fortified human milk formula had a positive effect (weight gain) on preterm infants. Interventions comparing human breastmilk/donor milk with formula had mixed effects. Overall, only human milk compared to formula intervention had a positive effect on morbidity among preterm infants, while none of the interventions had any positive effect on mortality. Bovine/cow milk supplementation had unfavourable effects on both morbidity and mortality. (4) Conclusion: Future research should prioritise low- and middle-income countries, include infants presenting with growth failure in the post-neonatal period and record effects on morbidity and mortality outcomes.

scholarly journals A Meta-analysis on the Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care on Preterm Mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Esterlita T. Villanueva-Uy ◽  
Michael Q. Van Haute ◽  
Erena S. Kasahara ◽  
Socorro De Leon-Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Length Of Hospitalization

Background. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a low-cost but high-impact intervention for preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants. Objectives. To determine the effect of KMC on in-hospital mortality among preterm and LBW infants, taking into consideration their gestational age, birth weight, income category of the country of birth, and medical stability. Materials and Methods. A comprehensive search of several databases, as well as local listings of research papers, was performed to look for randomized controlled studies with KMC as intervention, and mortality and length of hospitalization as outcome measures. The risk of bias and publication bias was assessed. We did subgroup analyses based on income category of the country of birth, gestational age, birth weight, and medical stability of the infants. Results. Sixteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1738 infants in the KMC group and 1674 infants in the control group were included. Based on the GRADE approach, although all the studies were RCTs, the evidence is assessed as moderate certainty due to the nature of the intervention (KMC) that prevented blinding. There was a 41% reduction in risk of dying among preterm and low birth weight infants who received KMC compared to conventional medical care (3.86%% vs 6.87%; RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.44, 0.79; I2 = 0%; number needed to treat for additional benefit (NNTB) = 34; 16 RCTs; 3,412 infants). Furthermore, there were also reductions in the risk of dying among infants who were <34 weeks AOG (KMC: 4.32% vs CMC: 8.17%, RR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.38, 0.79; I2 = 0%; NNTB = 26; 10 RCTs; 1795 infants), with birthweight of >1500 g (KMC: 3.97% vs CMC: 6.83%, RR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.45, 0.82; I2 = 0%; NNTB = 35; 10 RCTs; 2960 infants), and born in low- and middle income countries (LMIC) (3.77% vs 6.95%; RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.43, 0.77; I2 = 0%; NNTB = 32; 14 RCTs; 3281 infants). There was a significant reduction in mortality (KMC: 11.05% vs CMC: 20.94%; RR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.34, 0.87; I2 = 0%; NNTB = 11; 5 RCTs; 387 infants) even among medically unstable infants who received KMC compared to those who did not. The length of hospitalization did not significantly differ between the KMC and the control groups. Due to high heterogeneity, subgroup analyses were performed, which showed a trend towards a shorter length of hospital stay among preterm infants <34 weeks AOG, with birthweight ≥1500 g, medically unstable during admission, and belonging to LMIC but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion. There was moderate certainty evidence that KMC can decrease mortality among preterm and LBW infants. Furthermore, KMC was beneficial among relatively more premature, bigger, medically unstable preterm infants and born in low to middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Early childhood linear growth failure in low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Benjamin-Chung ◽  
Andrew Mertens ◽  
John M Colford ◽  
Alan E Hubbard ◽  
Mark J van der Laan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Intervention Delivery ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractGlobally 149 million children under five are estimated to be stunted (length more than 2 standard deviations below international growth standards). Stunting, a form of linear growth failure, increases risk of illness, impaired cognitive development, and mortality. Global stunting estimates rely on cross-sectional surveys, which cannot provide direct information about the timing of onset or persistence of growth failure— a key consideration for defining critical windows to deliver preventive interventions. We performed the largest pooled analysis of longitudinal studies in low- and middle-income countries to date (n=31 cohorts, 62,993 children, ages 0-24 months), allowing us to identify the typical age of linear growth failure onset and to investigate recurrent faltering in early life. The highest incidence of stunting onset occurred from birth to age 3 months. From 0 to 15 months, less than 5% of children per month reversed their stunting status, and among those who did, stunting relapse was common. Early timing and low reversal rates emphasize the importance of preventive intervention delivery within the prenatal and early postnatal phases coupled with continued delivery of postnatal interventions through the first 1000 days of life.

scholarly journals The Impact of Various Mode of Financings in Reducing Inequality in Various Groups of Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Irma Yuliani ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The existence of Islamic bank not always provide positive impact to the real sector of economy. Declining inequality is one of the expected significant impacts with appyling mode of financing as instrument to relize that. This study aims to investigate the impact of mode of financing was applied by Islamic bank to reduce inequality among countries of IsDB Group. World bank data and IDB data of Islamic banks are employed as samples from 1977 to 2018. The results show that equity and leasing have a positive effect and significant to reduce inequality for low income countries, where the leasing or ijarah have the most effective impact than all. In addition, instalment sale of financing has a significant impact to reduce inequality for middle-income countries, loan is being the only significant mode of financing to reduce inequality in all IDB countries. Unfortunately, Mudharabah, PLS (profit and loss sharing), Murabahan and Istishna have not significantly impact to reduce inequality

Changes in Latin America: Consequences for Human Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Weisbrot
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Control

This article looks at Latin America's political shift over the last several years. The author argues that these changes have largely been misunderstood and underestimated in the United States for a number of reasons. First, Latin America's unprecedented growth failure over the past 25 years is a major cause of these political changes and has not been well-understood. Second, the collapse of the International Monetary Fund's influence in Latin America, and in middle-income countries, is an epoch-making change. Third, the availability of alternative sources of finance, especially from the reserves of the Venezuelan government, has become very important. Finally, the increasing assertion of national control over natural resources is an important part of the new relationship between Latin America and the United States. For these and other reasons, the relationship between Latin America and the United States has undergone a fundamental and possibly irreversible change, and one that opens the way to new and mostly more successful economic policies.

scholarly journals Effect of Deepening Finacial Sector on Income Gap in Six Asia Countries 2012-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizzy Dominica ◽  
Zeisha Shabrina ◽  
Hanna Octavianie ◽  
Sindy Septiani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Market Capitalization ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

The financial sector has an important role in increasing a country’s economic growth, but the income gap is one of the main problems in economic growth in various countries. The financial sector has a strong influence on economic development, poverty alleviation and economic stability. This study aims to determine the effect of financial sector deepening on income inequality by using panel data from six countries, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, China and Korea which are divided into two groups, namely lower middle income countries, namely Indonesia and the Philippines and upper middle / high income, namely Malaysia, Singapore, China and Korea in 2012-2016. By using the Panel Least Squares analysis technique, this study found results that were upper middle / high income; bank assets, money supply, stock traded have a positive effect; lending to the private sector; domestic money bank assets, private sector debt securities and stock market capitalization have a negative effect. Whereas in lower middle income countries; bank assets, money suply, stock market capitalization have a negative effect; stock traded has a positive effect; however, lending to the private sector, domestic money bank assets, government debt and private sector debt does not affect the income gap.   Keywords: Financial Deepening, Income Gap, Asia

scholarly journals Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Nature ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 577 (7789) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Failure ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractChildhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications.

scholarly journals Rates of rehospitalisation in the first 2 years among preterm infants discharged from the NICU of a tertiary children hospital in Vietnam: a follow-up study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036484
Author(s):  
Chuong Huu Thieu Do ◽  
Malene Landbo Børresen ◽  
Freddy Karup Pedersen ◽  
Ronald Bertus Geskus ◽  
Alexandra Yasmin Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Difference

ObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of rehospitalisation in Vietnamese preterm infants and to examine the time-to-first-readmission between two gestational age (GA) groups (extremely/very preterm (EVP) vs moderate/late preterm (MLP)); and further to compare rehospitalisation rates according to GA and corrected age (CA), and to examine the association between potential risk factors and rehospitalisation rates.Design and settingA cohort study to follow up preterm infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary children’s hospital in Vietnam.ParticipantsAll preterm newborns admitted to the NICU from July 2013 to September 2014.Main outcomesRates, durations and causes of hospital admission during the first 2 years.ResultsOf 294 preterm infants admitted to NICU (all outborn, GA ranged from 26 to 36 weeks), 255 were discharged alive, and 211 (83%) NICU graduates were followed up at least once during the first 2 years CA, of whom 56% were hospital readmitted. The median (IQR) of hospital stay was 7 (6–10) days. Respiratory diseases were the major cause (70%). Compared with MLP infants, EVP infants had a higher risk of first rehospitalisation within the first 6 months of age (p=0.01). However, the difference in risk declined thereafter and was similar from 20 months of age. There was an interaction in rehospitalisation rates between GA and CA. Longer duration of neonatal respiratory support and having older siblings were associated with higher rehospitalisation rates. Lower rates of rehospitalisation were seen in infants with higher cognitive and motor scores (not statistically significant in cognitive scores).ConclusionsHospital readmission of Vietnamese preterm infants discharged from NICU was frequent during their first 2 years, mainly due to respiratory diseases. Scale-up of follow-up programmes for preterm infants is needed in low-income and middle-income countries and attempts to prevent respiratory diseases should be considered.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document