scholarly journals Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Kerstin Albrecht ◽  
Miriam Linder ◽  
Anja Heinrich ◽  
Jennifer Höche ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Test System ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Disease Free

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious cattle diseases worldwide. The major source of virus transmission is immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves, which makes them the key target of control programs. In the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, a very low prevalence was achieved, with more than 99.8% of the cattle herds being free from PI animals since the year 2013. In 2017, BVD virus was detected in a previously disease-free holding (herd size of ~380 cows, their offspring, and fattening bulls). The purchase of two so-called Trojan cows, i.e., dams pregnant with a PI calf, was identified as the source of infection. The births of the PI animals resulted in transient infections of in-contact dams, accompanied by vertical virus transmission to their fetuses within the critical timeframe for the induction of PI calves. Forty-eight days after the birth of the first PI calf, all animals in close contact with the Trojan cows during their parturition period were blood-sampled and serologically examined by a neutralization test and several commercial ELISAs. The resulting seroprevalence strongly depended on the applied test system. The outbreak could be stopped by the immediate elimination of every newborn PI calf and vaccination, and since 2018, no BVD cases have occurred.

scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Shizuka Hirose ◽  
Kosuke Notsu ◽  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Yoshihiro Sakoda ◽  
Norikazu Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cattle Movements

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.

scholarly journals Evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission by back pond water in experimentally infected piglets

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1896-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla A. Nascimento ◽  
Marina L. Mechler ◽  
Igor R.H. Gatto ◽  
Henrique M.S. Almeida ◽  
Andressa S. Pollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). However, transmission routes among pigs are still unknown. The objective of the present study was to induce experimental infection of BVDV-1 in weaned piglets and to assess the potential transmission through pen back pond water, used to facilitate heat exchange of the pigs housed in barns. Two repetitions (BP1 and BP 2) were performed using 12 piglets proven to be free BVDV (n=6 per repetition) allocated into three groups: control, sentinels and infected with two piglets each. The piglets were placed in stainless steel isolators. The infected group received an inoculum containing BVDV-1, Singer strain. The piglets remained in the cabinets for 25 days, during which samples of nasal swab were collected daily and blood sampled weekly. At the end, the piglets were euthanized, necropsied and organ fragments were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. In the first experiment (BP1) the infected animals shed the virus between days 6 and 21 post-infection. Regarding the sentinel group, shedding occurred in only one piglet, on the 20th day after infection, and seroconversion was observed on the 25th day post-infection. In BP2, infected piglets I3 and I4 shed the virus on days 4 and 21 post-infection, respectively. Only one sentinel piglet (S3) she the virus on day 13 post-infection. Therefore, it was concluded that pigs can become infected with BVDV-1 and shed potentially infectious viral particles consequently, being able to transmit the virus to other pigs through back pond water.

scholarly journals Laboratory tests of the VetMAX BVDV Screening RT-PCR test system for detecting the genome of the bovine viral diarrhea virus by ThermoFisher

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
A. S. Preobrazhenskaya ◽  
Z. S. Devrishova ◽  
T. P. Lobova ◽  
V. V. Mikhailova ◽  
A. A. Varentsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Test System ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Pcr Test

Relevance. Currently, BVD is widespread in almost all countries of the world with intensive livestock farming. The special relevance of the problem lies in the large economic damage that consists of a decrease in milk yield during the disease, the death of young animals from serous pneumonia, the loss of live weight gain in young animals, the loss of productivity and reproduction of animals and, as a result, abortions and stillbirths, the birth of non-viable calves, as well as preventive, quarantine and liquidation measures. An important link in preventing the spread of viral diarrhea in cattle remains the rapid conduct of laboratory research. One of the most technologically advanced diagnostic methods is real-time polymerase chain reaction.Methods. The diagnostic significance of the VetMAX BVDV Screening (Thermo Fisher) RT-PCR test system was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, and precision in conditions of repeatability and reproducibility. To determine repeatability, 5 samples of PT-80 cell culture infected with the reference strain "Oregon 24" and 7 samples of PT-80 cell culture infected with Ressa isolate were studied in tenfold dilutions from 10-1 to 10-7, by one operator in three parallel studies on the same equipment. To determine reproducibility and sensitivity, 5 samples of PT-80 cell culture infected with the reference strain "Oregon 24" and 7 samples of PT-80 cell culture infected with «Ressa» isolate were studied in ten-fold dilutions from 10-1 to 10-7 , by three operators on different days on the same equipment.To determine the specificity, studies were conducted on 3 samples that did not contain the virus of viral diarrhea — bovine adenovirus type 1 strain Bovina — 10, rhinotracheitis virus of cattle strain "Orenburg" and parainfluenza virus 3 strain ZKSM.Results. After mathematical processing of the results of PCR formulation for the assessment of reproducibility, the following results were obtained: the coefficient of variation (CV) for the VetMAX BVDV Screening (Thermo Fisher) test system was from 1.0–4.0 %; the Coefficient of variation (CV) for the assessment of repeatability was 1–3 %. The specificity of the test systems VetMAX BVDV Screening (Thermo Fisher) was 100%. The VetMAX BVDV Screening (Thermo Fisher) test system is sensitive to detecting the genome of the bovine viral diarrhea virus. So when setting up PCR samples of the Ressa isolate in the 10-7 dilution, the CT values were determined at 38.18–39.24 cycles, and the reference VD virus "Oregon 24" in the 10–5 dilution at 37.85–39.45 amplification cycles.

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