scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Shizuka Hirose ◽  
Kosuke Notsu ◽  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Yoshihiro Sakoda ◽  
Norikazu Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cattle Movements

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.

scholarly journals Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Ovaries of Cattle Acutely Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Grooms ◽  
Kenny V. Brock ◽  
Lucy A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Reproductive Consequences ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is recognized worldwide as a major cause of economic loss in cattle. Infection with BVDV can result in several clinical outcomes. However, the reproductive consequences may be the most important. Infertility, early embryonic death, abortion, and congenital anomalies have all been reported following acute infection with BVDV. The cause of infertility following acute BVDV infection is not known. BVDV has been isolated from the bovine ovary and has been associated with chronic oophoritis. The purpose of this study was to identify the ovarian cell types infected with BVDV following acute infection. Twelve heifers were acutely infected with noncytopathic BVDV, and ovariectomies were performed between 4 and 60 days postinfection. BVDV was isolated on days 6 and 8 postinfection. Viral antigen was detected in macrophage-like cells and stromal cells in the ovarian cortex and oophoritis was evident from 6 to 60 days postinfection. These findings indicate that acute infection with BVDV may result in changes in ovarian function that could lead to reduced fertility.

scholarly journals Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Kerstin Albrecht ◽  
Miriam Linder ◽  
Anja Heinrich ◽  
Jennifer Höche ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Test System ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Disease Free

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious cattle diseases worldwide. The major source of virus transmission is immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves, which makes them the key target of control programs. In the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, a very low prevalence was achieved, with more than 99.8% of the cattle herds being free from PI animals since the year 2013. In 2017, BVD virus was detected in a previously disease-free holding (herd size of ~380 cows, their offspring, and fattening bulls). The purchase of two so-called Trojan cows, i.e., dams pregnant with a PI calf, was identified as the source of infection. The births of the PI animals resulted in transient infections of in-contact dams, accompanied by vertical virus transmission to their fetuses within the critical timeframe for the induction of PI calves. Forty-eight days after the birth of the first PI calf, all animals in close contact with the Trojan cows during their parturition period were blood-sampled and serologically examined by a neutralization test and several commercial ELISAs. The resulting seroprevalence strongly depended on the applied test system. The outbreak could be stopped by the immediate elimination of every newborn PI calf and vaccination, and since 2018, no BVD cases have occurred.

Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission potential to naïve calves by direct and indirect exposure routes

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shollie M. Falkenberg ◽  
Rohana P. Dassanayake ◽  
John D. Neill ◽  
Julia F. Ridpath
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Indirect Exposure ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals Detection of Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Ovaries of Cattle following Immunization with a Modified Live Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccine

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Grooms ◽  
Kenny V. Brock ◽  
Lucy A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Economic loss from infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is of worldwide concern. The unique pathogenesis and antigenic variability of BVDV have made this virus challenging to control. Vaccination programs are a major component of control and prevention strategies. Both killed and modified live vaccines are commercially available. Choice between killed and modified live vaccines is controversial. Of major concern is the safety of modified live vaccines. Little information is available on their tissue tropism and potential for causing pathology, especially with respect to the reproductive system. The objective of this study was to determine if BVDV could be detected in the ovary of cattle following immunization with a modified live BVDV vaccine. In 2 separate trials, 6 heifers and 4 mature cows were immunized with a modified live BVDV vaccine and ovaries were removed between 7 and 30 days postvaccination. Cytopathic BVDV was isolated from ovaries removed on days 8, 10, and 12. BVDV antigen was detected using immunohistochemistry on days 10–30. These findings are significant because replication of virus in the ovary could cause ovarian dysfunction, resulting in reduced fertility.

scholarly journals Evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission by back pond water in experimentally infected piglets

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1896-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla A. Nascimento ◽  
Marina L. Mechler ◽  
Igor R.H. Gatto ◽  
Henrique M.S. Almeida ◽  
Andressa S. Pollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). However, transmission routes among pigs are still unknown. The objective of the present study was to induce experimental infection of BVDV-1 in weaned piglets and to assess the potential transmission through pen back pond water, used to facilitate heat exchange of the pigs housed in barns. Two repetitions (BP1 and BP 2) were performed using 12 piglets proven to be free BVDV (n=6 per repetition) allocated into three groups: control, sentinels and infected with two piglets each. The piglets were placed in stainless steel isolators. The infected group received an inoculum containing BVDV-1, Singer strain. The piglets remained in the cabinets for 25 days, during which samples of nasal swab were collected daily and blood sampled weekly. At the end, the piglets were euthanized, necropsied and organ fragments were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. In the first experiment (BP1) the infected animals shed the virus between days 6 and 21 post-infection. Regarding the sentinel group, shedding occurred in only one piglet, on the 20th day after infection, and seroconversion was observed on the 25th day post-infection. In BP2, infected piglets I3 and I4 shed the virus on days 4 and 21 post-infection, respectively. Only one sentinel piglet (S3) she the virus on day 13 post-infection. Therefore, it was concluded that pigs can become infected with BVDV-1 and shed potentially infectious viral particles consequently, being able to transmit the virus to other pigs through back pond water.

scholarly journals Quinolinecarboxamides Inhibit the Replication of the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Targeting a Hot Spot for the Inhibition of Pestivirus Replication in the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Simone Musiu ◽  
Yunierkis Perez Castillo ◽  
Alexandra Muigg ◽  
Gerhard Pürstinger ◽  
Pieter Leyssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus from the family of Flaviviridae is ubiquitous and causes a range of clinical manifestations in livestock, mainly cattle. Two quinolinecarboxamide analogues were identified in a CPE-based screening effort, as selective inhibitors of the in vitro bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) replication, i.e., TO505-6180/CSFCI (average EC50 = 0.07 µM, SD = 0.02 µM, CC50 > 100 µM) and TO502-2403/CSFCII (average EC50 = 0.2 µM, SD = 0.06 µM, CC50 > 100 µM). The initial antiviral activity observed for both hits against BVDV was corroborated by measuring the inhibitory effect on viral RNA synthesis and the production of infectious virus. Modification of the substituents on the quinolinecarboxamide scaffold resulted in analogues that proved about 7-fold more potent (average EC50 = 0.03 with a SD = 0.01 µM) and that were devoid of cellular toxicity, for the concentration range tested (SI = 3333). CSFCII resistant BVDV variants were selected and were found to carry the F224P mutation in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), whereas CSFCI resistant BVDV carried two mutations in the same region of the RdRp, i.e., N264D and F224Y. Likewise, molecular modeling revealed that F224P/Y and N264D are located in a small cavity near the fingertip domain of the pestivirus polymerase. CSFC-resistant BVDV proved to be cross-resistant to earlier reported pestivirus inhibitors (BPIP, AG110, LZ37, and BBP) that are known to target the same region of the RdRp. CSFC analogues did not inhibit the in vitro activity of recombinant BVDV RdRp but inhibited the activity of BVDV replication complexes (RCs). CSFC analogues likely interact with the fingertip of the pestivirus RdRp at the same position as BPIP, AG110, LZ37, and BBP. This indicates that this region is a “hot spot” for the inhibition of pestivirus replication.

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