Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

scholarly journals The virology, epidemiology, and clinical impact of West Nile virus: a decade of advancements in research since its introduction into the Western Hemisphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. MURRAY ◽  
C. WALKER ◽  
E. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is now endemic in the USA. After the widespread surge of virus activity across the USA, research has flourished, and our knowledge base has significantly expanded over the past 10 years since WNV was first recognized in New York City. This article provides a review of the virology of WNV, history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathology of infection, the innate and adaptive immune response, host risk factors for developing severe disease, clinical sequelae following severe disease, chronic infection, and the future of prevention.

Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. PETERSEN ◽  
P. J. CARSON ◽  
B. J. BIGGERSTAFF ◽  
B. CUSTER ◽  
S. M. BORCHARDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Age And Sex

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) was first recognized in the USA in 1999. We estimated the cumulative incidence of WNV infection in the USA from 1999 to 2010 using recently derived age- and sex-stratified ratios of infections to WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and the number of WNND cases reported to national surveillance. We estimate that over 3 million persons have been infected with WNV in the USA, with the highest incidence rates in the central plains states. These 3 million infections would have resulted in about 780 000 illnesses. A substantial number of WNV infections and illnesses have occurred during the virus' first decade in the USA.

scholarly journals West Nile virus in Europe: understanding the present to gauge the future

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Reiter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Major Research ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Old World ◽  
History Of

The appearance of West Nile virus in New York in 1999 and the unprecedented panzootic that followed, have stimulated a major research effort in the western hemisphere and a new interest in the presence of this virus in the Old World. This review considers current understanding of the natural history of this pathogen, with particular regard to transmission in Europe.

West Nile Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Gelone
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Public ◽  
Provider Group ◽  
Educational Effort ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Vector Borne

Several infectious agents have emerged over the past two decades as a result of population migration and enhanced world travel. The introduction of arthropodborne infections to formerly unaffected geographic areas has occurred in the western hemisphere at an alarming rate. In 1999, the West Nile virus (WNV) first appeared in North America in Queens, New York and spread rapidly to infect bird and mosquito populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Significant human morbidity and mortality has been associated with the virus, with several patients deaths from encephalitis. Specific antiviral therapy is currently unavailable, but recommendations for a national plan to control and prevent the spread of this vector-borne disease have been made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Educating the public about how WNV is transmitted, how to best protect one's self, and what signs and symptoms are consistent with this infection are extremely important. Pharmacists, who have more patient interactions per unit time than any other health care provider group, are in an excellent position to play a pivotal role in this educational effort.

scholarly journals The First Case Report of West Nile Virus-Induced Acute Flaccid Quadriplegia in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Salim Yahya Al-Fifi ◽  
Kamran Kadkhoda ◽  
Mike Drebot ◽  
Beverly Wudel ◽  
E. J. Bow
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Case Report ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
York City ◽  
Favorable Outcome ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
High Incidence

The 1999 New York City outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) was associated with a high incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) where the outcomes for these patients were very poor. We describe a case of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) characterized by acute flaccid quadriplegia with a favorable outcome in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infection in humans and other vertebrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic ◽  
V. Milosevic ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
G. Kovacevic ◽  
J. Radovanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The Usa

The West Nile virus is an arthropod borne or ARBO virus from the Flaviviridae family, which is maintained in nature in the transmission cycle between hosting birds and ornithophilic mosquito vectors. The virus is capable of infecting different vertebrate species and 60 mosquito species. The infection in humans can be asymptomatic or it can have different clinical manifestations ranging from light febrile diseases to fatal meningoencephalitis. This paper presents recent findings on the activity of the West Nile virus in Europe, the USA and Serbia. Presented are the results of serological testing of human populations and animals in Serbia, and the methods of molecular diagnostics to prove the existence of the virus.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengwei Bai ◽  
E. Ashley Thompson ◽  
Parminder J. S. Vig ◽  
A. Arturo Leis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Aedes japonicus and West Nile Virus in New York

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Christine H. DeCarlo ◽  
Scott R. Campbell ◽  
Laura L. Bigler ◽  
Hussni O. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
New York State ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Aedes Japonicus ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
In The Wild

ABSTRACT Identifying the array of vectors that play a role in perpetuating West Nile virus (WNV) infection in endemic foci will help in controlling the disease. Aedes japonicus has the potential to be a vector in the wild of at least 3 kinds of encephalitis, including WNV. Aedes japonicus is a nonnative species in the USA that is temperature tolerant and a potential human biter. Detection of WNV in mosquito pools of this field-collected invasive species, combined with their ability to feed on humans, make this mosquito species a possible public health concern. In this study, we collected mosquito abundance data and tested them for WNV-positive mosquito samples from 3 counties in New York State. We found a significant association between the season and land demography and the likelihood of the virus in Ae. japonicus.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of West Nile Virus Isolate 2004Hou3

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1936
Author(s):  
Shannon E. Ronca ◽  
Rodion Gorchakov ◽  
Rebecca Berry ◽  
R. Elias Alvarado ◽  
Sarah M. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Nextgen Sequencing ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Clinical Presentations

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus with important public health implications globally. This study characterizes a viral isolate, 2004Hou3, in comparison with the NY99 strain from the original WNV outbreak in New York, USA. NextGen sequencing was used to compare the viral isolates genetically, while wild-type C57/BL6 mice were used to compare pathogenicity and viral persistence. Significant differences in survival and clinical presentations were noted, with minor genetic variations between the two strains potentially offering an explanation. One notable difference is that 5 of 35 mice infected with the 2004Hou3 strain developed hind limb flaccid paralysis, suggesting its possible use as a small animal pathogenesis model for this clinical characteristic often observed in human WN neuroinvasive disease patients but not reported in other animal models of infection. Overall, this study suggests that 2004Hou3 is a less pathogenic strain with potential for use in long-term outcome studies using small animal models.

ASSESSING THE SPATIAL PROPAGATION OF WEST NILE VIRUS

2008 ◽  
Vol 03 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORBERTO A. MAIDANA ◽  
HYUN M. YANG
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Reaction Diffusion Equations ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Usa

In this work we study a spatial model for the West Nile Virus (WNV) propagation across the USA from the east to the west. WNV is an arthropod-borne flavivirus that appeared at first time in New York city in the summer of 1999 and then spread prolifically within birds. Mammals, as human and horse, do not develop sufficiently high bloodstream titers to play a significant role in transmission, which is the reason to consider the mosquito-bird cycle. The proposed model aims to study this propagation in a system of partial differential reaction-diffusion equations considering the mosquito and the avian populations. The diffusion is allowed to both populations, being greater in avian than in the mosquito. When a threshold value R0, depending on the model's parameters, is greater than one, the disease remains endemic and could propagate to regions previously free of disease. The travelling wave solutions of the model are studied to determine the speed of the disease propagation. This wave speed is obtained as a function of the model's parameters, for instance, vertical transmission rate and avian diffusion coefficient.

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