scholarly journals Heat Unit Requirements of “Flame Seedless” Table Grape: A Tool to Predict Its Harvest Period in Protected Cultivation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Francisca Alonso ◽  
Fernando M. Chiamolera ◽  
Juan J. Hueso ◽  
Mónica González ◽  
Julián Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Greenhouse Cultivation

Greenhouse cultivation of table grapes is a challenge due to difficulties imposed by their perennial habit and chilling requirements. Despite difficulties, greenhouse cultivation allows ripening long before that in the open field. Nonetheless, for harvesting “Flame Seedless” in the most profitable periods, a cultural practices timetable has to be established. In this context, an estimation of development rate as a function of temperature becomes essential. This work puts forward a procedure to determine “Flame Seedless” threshold temperatures and heat requirements from bud break to ripening. “Flame Seedless” required an average of 1633 growing degree days (GDD) in the open field with a base temperature of 5 °C and an upper threshold temperature of 30 °C. Strikingly, only 1542 GDD were required within the greenhouse. This procedure forecast “Flame Seedless” ripening with an accuracy of three and six days in the open field and greenhouse, improving predictions based on the average number of days between bud break and ripening. The procedure to predict oncoming harvest date was found satisfactory, just four days earlier than the real date. If we used the typical meteorological year instead of the average year, then the prediction was greatly improved since harvest was forecast just one day before its occurrence.

scholarly journals Severe Outbreaks of Bunch Rots Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger on Table Grapes in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 815-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Latorre ◽  
S. C. Viertel ◽  
I. Spadaro
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Hypodermic Syringe ◽  
Black Mold

Severe outbreaks of bunch rots (BR) have occurred recently during harvest of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile. Previously, BR was almost exclusively associated with Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (2,3); however, in 2000 to 2002, BR symptoms were associated with black molds and possibly nonfilamentous yeasts and bacteria. Cvs. Thompson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Ruby Seedless, and Red Globe were severely affected. Symptoms start at the pedicels as soft, watery rots that partially or completely decay infected berries. Longitudinal cracks are produced, a black mold usually develops along the crack fissures, and the skin of the berry turns light gray. Isolations on potato dextrose agar acidified with 1 N lactic acid (APDA) at 0.5 ml/liter, consistently yielded Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuillemin and Aspergillus niger Tiegh. R. stolonifer on APDA produced a white-to-gray aerial and nonseptate mycelium, black and globose sporangia with an elliptical collumela, one-celled, globose to oval, striated, almost hyaline sporangiospores, rhizoids, and stolons. A. niger produced septate mycelium. Single-celled, black, rough walled, globose conidia developed on short chains on the second phialides at the tip of globose, upright conidiophores. Mature (soluble solids >16%) detached berries of cv. Thompson Seedless were inoculated with sporangiospores (≈107 spores per ml) of R. stolonifer isolates RS6, RS52, RS73, and RS79 and conidia (≈108 conidia per ml) of A. niger isolates AN12, AN69, and AN75. When berries were aseptically punctured with a sterile hypodermic syringe prior to inoculation, 60 to 86.7% and 42.5 to 100% of berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively, and both developed BR symptoms (significantly different from control berries) after 48 h in humid chambers at 23°C. Injuries were needed for infection since no infection or only 23.3% of noninjured berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively. For both pathogens, there was a significant (P < 0.043) interaction between isolates and the presence or absence of injuries. Both pathogens were successfully reisolated on APDA. Fungicide sensitivity tests were performed on detached cv. Thompson Seedless berries challenged by placing an ≈6 μl-drop of inoculum suspension (106 or 107 spores per ml of R. stolonifer isolate RS52 and A. niger isolate AN12, respectively) on injured berries. Pyraclostrobin (0.067 mg/ml) mixed with nicobifen at 0.134 mg/ml (BAS 516 01 F at 0.201 mg a.i./ml, BASF) and copper oxide at 1.2 mg/ml (Cuprodul 60 WP, Quimetal Chile) significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited infection (100% control) by R. stolonifer and A. niger. R. stolonifer was completely controlled by dicloran at 1.88 mg/ml (Botran 75 WP) and partially controlled by captan at 1.6 mg/ml (Captan 80 WP), but A. niger was not controlled by either fungicide. To our knowledge this is the first report of R. stolonifer causing BR of table grape in Chile (4). The severe outbreaks may be associated with warm weather conditions during harvest and injuries caused by birds, insects, or cultural practices. Infection caused by R. stolonifer or A. niger may be followed by sour rot organisms (yeasts or bacteria), as has been suggested elsewhere (1,2). References: (1) E. Gravot et al. Phytoma 543:36, 2001. (2) W. B. Hewitt Page 26 in: Compendium of Grape Diseases, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1994. (3) B. A. Latorre and G. Vásquez. Aconex (Chile) 52:16, 1996. (4) F. Mujica and C. Vergara. Flora Fungosa Chilena. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Agronomiacute;a, Santiago, Chile, 1980.

scholarly journals Temperatura-base e soma térmica para a Zínia ‘Profusion Cherry’ envasada cultivada em ambiente protegido

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Charleston Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Ferreira Castro ◽  
Mário José Pedro Júnior ◽  
Maria Luiza Sant’anna Tucci
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Protected Cultivation

The growing of consumer market demands introduction of new species of flowers and cultivars primarily for production under protected cultivation. The zinnia by the quickness of production can be regarded as an alternative, however demand studies by the lack of information in the literature. We evaluated the duration of different periods, the base temperature and thermal accumulation, expressed as degree-days for the potted zinnia ‘Profusion Cherry’, conducted under protected cultivation for different phenological subperiods. The test was conducted in a greenhouse covered with plastic and closed laterally with shading-net and the duration of subperiods were made to twenty times after sowing. The base temperature was determined by relative development and values-based temperature and thermal time in degree-days (DD). The results for the different phases were, respectively: first open flower-planting: 4.1 °C and GD 838, first open flower - 50% of flowers open: 3.0 °C and 184 GD and 50% of flowers open - senescence: 6.9 °C and 238 GD.

Identification of QTLs controlling chilling and heat requirements for dormancy release and bud break in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Kitamura ◽  
Tsuyoshi Habu ◽  
Hisayo Yamane ◽  
Soichiro Nishiyama ◽  
Kei Kajita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Dormancy Release ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Japanese Apricot ◽  
Heat Requirements

Yield and Quality of Table Grapes cv. Flame Seedless as affected by Bud Break and Pre-Harvest Treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-323
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Aly ◽  
Mohamed Harhash ◽  
A. El-Kharpotaly ◽  
A. Younes
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Yield And Quality

scholarly journals Spectral and Hyperspectral Technologies as an Additional Tool to Increase Information on Quality and Origin of Horticultural Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Amodio ◽  
Muhammad Mudassir Arif Chaudhry ◽  
Giancarlo Colelli
Keyword(s):  
Biological Tissue ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, consumer awareness of the impact of site of origin and method of production on the quality and safety of foods, and particularly of fresh produce, is driving the research towards developing various techniques to assist present certifications, traceability, and audit procedures. With regard to horticultural produce, consumer preferences have shifted to fruit and vegetables, which are healthy and ecologically produced, and toward processed foods having sustainable or social certifications and with sites of origin clearly reported on the label. Some recent studies demonstrate the potentiality of near infrared (NIR) technology (including hyperspectral imaging) for discriminating fresh and processed horticultural products based on their composition, quality attributes, and origin. These studies principally mention that each biological tissue possesses a fingerprint NIR spectrum, which consists of a unique and characteristic pattern of radiation, distinguishing a particular biological tissue from physically and/or chemically different samples. Particularly, recent studies discriminated apples, wine, wheat kernels, and derived flours based on their geographical origins. Spectral information allowed discrimination among growing methods (organic and conventional) for asparagus and strawberry fruits, and among harvest dates for fennels, table grapes, and artichokes. Moreover, information about freshness and storage days after minimal processing can be obtained. Recent literature and original results will be discussed. From our perspective, present results suggest that these techniques may have a potentiality to increase information about product history, but if and only if the variability captured by the classification models is vast in terms of diverse samples belonging to various cultivars, varieties, harvest times, cultural practices, geographical origins, storage conditions, and maturity stages, while being used as a complementary method to the conventional ones―either to make an initial screening of critical features, or to add to the amount of available information. Lacking the inclusion of these parameters could result in good classification results, but the reliability of the classification in this case would be dubious in terms of assessment of the factor contributing towards correct classification.

Variation in the rate of hard seed breakdown of twelve tropical legumes in response to two temperature regimes in the laboratory

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
Threshold Temperatures

Hard seed content is an important factor in the persistence of tropical pasture legumes as both high and low hard seed content can lead to poor recruitment. As temperature plays an important role in the breakdown of hard seed, the patterns of breakdown were measured in 27 seed lots of tropical legumes subjected to temperature regimes of 23–57˚C and 23–70˚C in laboratory ovens for 7 months. The seed lots represented 12 species comprising 15 released cultivars and 5 accessions showing promise in field evaluation studies. Each month seed was removed for germination testing and the proportion of hard, soft and dead seed in each seed lot was determined. After 7 months, the resulting pattern of hard seed breakdown was modelled to derive threshold temperatures for hard seed breakdown, values for the breakdown rate and quantification of the breakdown process. Desmanthus virgatus and Indigofera schimperi had the slowest rate of breakdown, while Aeschynomene americana had the fastest. The threshold temperature for most species was in the range 40–50˚C. However, there was considerable variation in threshold temperature and breakdown rates between seed lots of the same cultivar or accession and between species, which indicates that caution must be used before extrapolating the results to the field and to different climatic and/or management environments. Nevertheless, these results provide valuable information for the development of demographic models of legume persistence, and show that, while the species are well adapted to the temperature environments of northern Australia, specific management may be necessary to enhance the persistence of some of them.

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