scholarly journals Assessment of Primary Cell Wall Nanomechanical Properties in Internal Cells of Non-Fixed Maize Roots

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Kozlova ◽  
Anna Petrova ◽  
Boris Ananchenko ◽  
Tatyana Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Nanomechanical Properties ◽  
Wall Stiffness

The mechanical properties of cell walls play a vital role in plant development. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) is widely used for characterization of these properties. However, only surface or isolated plant cells have been used for such investigations, at least as non-embedded samples. Theories that claim a restrictive role of a particular tissue in plant growth cannot be confirmed without direct measurement of the mechanical properties of internal tissue cell walls. Here we report an approach of assessing the nanomechanical properties of primary cell walls in the inner tissues of growing plant organs. The procedure does not include fixation, resin-embedding or drying of plant material. Vibratome-derived longitudinal and transverse sections of maize root were investigated by AFM in a liquid cell to track the changes of cell wall stiffness and elasticity accompanying elongation growth. Apparent Young’s modulus values and stiffness of stele periclinal cell walls in the elongation zone of maize root were lower than in the meristem, i.e., cell walls became more elastic and less resistant to an applied force during their elongation. The trend was confirmed using either a sharp or spherical probe. The availability of such a method may promote our understanding of individual tissue roles in the plant growth processes.

scholarly journals The Placenta of Physcomitrium patens: Transfer Cell Wall Polymers Compared across the Three Bryophyte Groups

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Jason S. Henry ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Transfer Cells ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Wall Ingrowths ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. Sixteen monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contained fewer pectins and far fewer arabinogalactan proteins AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacked the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens were relatively similar in composition, with slight variation in homogalacturonan HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggested that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and in transfer cells across plants.

scholarly journals The contribution of cell wall remodeling and signaling to lateral organs formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 110-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvi Duman ◽  
Avi Eliyahu ◽  
Mohamad Abu-Abied ◽  
Einat Sadot
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Developmental Programs ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Improvement Programs

Lateral organs are formed in plants by post embryonic developmental programs. Leaves, and flowers differentiate from the shoot apical meristem and lateral roots from the primary root pericycle meristem. Adventitious roots are roots formed from non-root lateral meristematic tissues, mostly the cambium, in many cases in response to stress signals. The ability of plants to regenerate adventitious roots is fundamental for selection and breading programs which are based on vegetative propagation of elite clones. Thus, recalcitrant plants, losing their rooting capability, may form a genuine commercial barrier in agricultural and forestry improvement programs. Some cellular mechanisms underlying adventitious root formation have been revealed, but much is yet to be clarified. The plant primary cell wall is a dynamic organ that can change its form, and perceive and relay molecular signals inward and outward during certain stages of development in particular cells. Therefore, before the secondary cell wall is deposited and plants become the wood from which walls and furniture are built, and the fibers from which cloths are woven, primary cell walls actively participate in plant cell differentiation and developmental programs. While auxin is a major regulator, cell walls are important in regulating coherent formative cell division and synchronized polar elongation of cell lineages that are necessary for lateral organ induction and formation, and collaborative cell functioning. Nevertheless, little is known of how cell wall changes are molecularly sensed and translated to intracellular signals during differentiation of adventitious roots. Here we summarize recent data linking, directly or indirectly, cell wall events to auxin signaling and to lateral or adventitious root induction and formation.

scholarly journals Primary Cell Wall Modifying Proteins Regulate Wall Mechanics to Steer Plant Morphogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengying Qiu ◽  
Shouling Xu ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Ming Zhou ◽  
Lilan Hong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Plant Morphogenesis ◽  
Continuous Progress

Plant morphogenesis involves multiple biochemical and physical processes inside the cell wall. With the continuous progress in biomechanics field, extensive studies have elucidated that mechanical forces may be the most direct physical signals that control the morphology of cells and organs. The extensibility of the cell wall is the main restrictive parameter of cell expansion. The control of cell wall mechanical properties largely determines plant cell morphogenesis. Here, we summarize how cell wall modifying proteins modulate the mechanical properties of cell walls and consequently influence plant morphogenesis.

scholarly journals A Specialized Outer Layer of the Primary Cell Wall Joins Elongating Cotton Fibers into Tissue-Like Bundles

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 684-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bir Singh ◽  
Utku Avci ◽  
Sarah E. Eichler Inwood ◽  
Mark J. Grimson ◽  
Jeff Landgraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cotton Fibers
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document