scholarly journals 3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3101
Author(s):  
Abishek Kafle ◽  
Eric Luis ◽  
Raman Silwal ◽  
Houwen Matthew Pan ◽  
Pratisthit Lal Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Print Material ◽  
Material Process ◽  
Printing Processes

Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.

scholarly journals 3D Printing for Hip Implant Applications: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2682
Author(s):  
Obinna Okolie ◽  
Iwona Stachurek ◽  
Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian ◽  
James Njuguna
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Replacement Treatment ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
3D Printed

There is a rising demand for replacement, regeneration of tissues and organ repairs for patients who suffer from diseased/damaged bones or tissues such as hip pains. The hip replacement treatment relies on the implant, which may not always meet the requirements due to mechanical and biocompatibility issues which in turn may aggravate the pain. To surpass these limitations, researchers are investigating the use of scaffolds as another approach for implants. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers significant potential as an efficient fabrication technique on personalized organs as it is capable of biomimicking the intricate designs found in nature. In this review, the determining factors for hip replacement and the different fabrication techniques such as direct 3D printing, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and stereolithography (SLA) for hip replacement. The study also covers surface modifications of 3D printed implants and provides an overview on 3D tissue regeneration. To appreciate the current conventional hip replacement practices, the conventional metallic and ceramic materials are covered, highlighting their rationale as the material of choice. Next, the challenges, ethics and trends in the implants’ 3D printing are covered and conclusions drawn. The outlook and challenges are also presented here. The knowledge from this review indicates that 3D printing has enormous potential for providing a pathway for a sustainable hip replacement.

Rapid Prototyping of Aerodynamics Research Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 217-219 ◽  
pp. 2016-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Shun ◽  
Noor Alam Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Processes

Rapid prototyping techniques are ideally suited to the manufacture of aerodynamics research models as these items usually consist of highly complex 3 Dimensional (3D) forms. The fabrication of complex curvatures on traditional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines often requires the production of additional tooling supports to allow for full machining of all surfaces. Such a necessity often results in extra cost and fabrication time, as well as a potential loss in accuracy due to any repositioning required to allow machining of internal and external features. It is often necessary to divide the model into additional sections to allow for the machining of internal features which can cause issues with mismatching of adjacent surfaces. The inclusion of small or complex internal features and hollow sections may be problematic if not impossible. In contrast, many rapid prototyping techniques eliminate most of these manufacturing issues due to the additive nature of modern 3D printing processes. Popular techniques for the rapid prototyping of polymers include Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and stereolithography. The basic technique reduces a 3D object into a series of thin 2D slices. The 2D slices are then “printed” vertically in succession to produce the final 3D item The “slicing” technique is readily compatible with the formation of complex 3D curvatures as well as internal and hollow features. In addition, any required tooling supports are produced simultaneously with the desired item, which greatly reduces processing time and loss of accuracy due to part repositioning. The necessity to produce a model from multiple sections to allow access for machining of internal features can in many cases be reduced significantly. The characteristics intrinsic to many modern 3D printing techniques are greatly beneficial for the production of complex wind tunnel models made from polymer. The current work describes the design process and features of a wind tunnel model used for research into a novel aerodynamic flow control technique. An additive manufacturing technique was chosen as the most suitable for the rapid, accurate and simplest fabrication process for the model.

scholarly journals 4D Printing of Magnetically Functionalized Chainmail for Exoskeletal Biomedical Applications

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (23) ◽  
pp. 1361-1366
Author(s):  
Anna R. Ploszajski ◽  
Richard Jackson ◽  
Mark Ransley ◽  
Mark Miodownik
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Assistive Devices ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Magnetic Liquid ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Multi Body

AbstractChainmail fabrics manufactured by selective laser sintering 3D printing have been magnetically functionalized to create a lightweight, 4D printed, actuating fabric. The post-processing method involves submerging the porous prints in commercial ferrofluid (oil-based magnetic liquid), followed by drying under heat. The actuation of the chainmail has been simulated using a rigid multi-body physics engine, and qualitatively matches experiment. Such magnetically actuating fabrics have potential to make thin, lightweight and comfortable wearable assistive devices.

Evaluation of the influences of process parameters while selective laser sintering PMMA powders

2014 ◽  
Vol 229 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Velu ◽  
Sarat Singamneni
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Medical Implants ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a synthetic resin, widely used for bio-medical applications and is usually mixed with some other ingredients to form a soft substrate, which gradually hardens. Medical implants and other products of different shapes are generated either by moulding while it is still soft or by machining further to hardening. While these methods limit the freedom to achieve the much needed geometrical complexities, porosity also gets adversely affected. Rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing techniques allow for complex shapes to be easily produced together with a degree of control over the porosity. Though fused deposition modelling was attempted earlier with PMMA, more promising approaches such as selective laser sintering attained very little attention in this regard. In particular, the mechanism of material consolidation and the effects of significant process parameters on critical responses need sufficient attention, and this paper attempts this by experimental means.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing in the Geopolymer Construction Technology: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Salmabanu Luhar ◽  
Ismail Luhar
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
Net Shaping

This research paper presents a scientific attempt of a comprehensive systematic review of three-dimensional printing in geopolymer construction technology. The concept of 3D printing is an automated manufacturing process, layer- by- layer command, with computer-aided design model to create physical objects, acquiring swift development for the last few decades. An expansion of novel Geopolymer technology has been adopted in the construction and infrastructure industries for decades. The critical challenges of construction and infrastructure industries, such as the need for architectural, holistic, and rational designs, can be dealt with 3D printing techniques. Plentiful advantages of this emerging novel technology include a reduced amount of cost, ease of construction, a lesser amount of time, freedom of design, less wastage, aptitude to create complex structures, decrease in labor requirements, etc. Accordingly, The paper discusses common 3D techniques, such as Fused Deposition Modelling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, 3D plotting, Laminated Object Manufacturing technique, Direct Energy deposition technique or laser engineered net shaping, Powder Bed Fusion and Inject Head 3D printing and direct deposition method. Overall, this study provides an introduction of 3D printing automation and robotics processes in a geopolymer construction industry. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes to motivate researchers towards future studies about 3D printing.

scholarly journals Flexible grippers for industrial robots – comparison of features of low-cost 3D printed component

2019 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 02020
Author(s):  
Piotr Zbroja ◽  
Ksawery Szykiedans ◽  
Wojciech Credo
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

The aim of presented work was to analyse the feasibility of using 3D-print technology in robotics based on the production of industrial robot flexible grippers. For selected geometry of gripper single finger available 3D printing techniques has been analysed. The study made by authors uses the following additive technologies and devices: SLS (Selective laser Sintering) and FDM (Fused deposition modelling). As a prior an analyses of capabilities of individual technologies were done by testing the quality of the 3D CAD model recreated on test print-outs. Based on the printed gripper, its functionality, and strength properties were examined. Strength of grapplers was tested with a use of an MTS test machine under repeating deflexion simulating standard operational cycle of a gripper. Test proved that at least few thousands of cycle are possible to be made by a 3D printed gripper. What interesting gripper made with use of the less advanced printer showed different wear behaviour than an one made on the more advanced. First one showed almost instantaneous start of slow and constant strength degradation while the second one proved to have a stable deflexional capability by almost twice an number of cycles. More isotropic structure of an SLS printed gripper caused the best results of all tested ones.

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