scholarly journals Integrated Use of Measurements for the Structural Diagnosis in Historical Vaulted Buildings

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Cardani ◽  
Grigor Angjeliu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Damage Survey ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Diagnostic Investigations ◽  
Structural Diagnosis

The process of the structural diagnosis of historical buildings is analyzed. The correlation of different data is a fundamental issue, related to the multidisciplinary nature of the study of built heritage. Quantitative data are collected by sensors, these being environmental data (temperature and humidity) or cracks (displacements). Another important source being qualitative data, derived from historic investigation, diagnostic investigations, etc. However sometimes the results may be difficult to correlate due to the different nature of the data, being quantitative and qualitative, as well as spread over the long life of the construction. In particular, the here proposed methodology suggests the use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning for the geometric and structural deformation survey, damage survey, historic evolution, monitoring of the crack pattern and environmental data. The integrated use of the collected data with digital and finite element models is investigated in two case studies. The combined use of the set of collected data is shown to be fundamental to the interpretation of the active damage mechanisms in the system, and for making appropriate decisions related to their safety. Finally, a guideline is proposed to allow for a more general use of the herein proposed structural diagnosis procedure.

A discussion on using quantitative or qualitative data for assessment of individual competencies

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítor Vasata Macchi Silva ◽  
José Luis Duarte Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Administrative Area ◽  
People Development ◽  
Quantitative Assessments

PurposeThis article presents an investigation of the suitability of using quantitative or qualitative data for individual competencies assessment. Specifically, the primary purpose of this article is to identify if the results provided by quantitative and qualitative instruments focused on individual competencies are convergent.Design/methodology/approachIn order to do the investigation proposed, a survey on individual competencies comprising a group of employees of the administrative area of a steel company was carried out. A total of 268 evaluations were collected and analyzed.FindingsThe analysis of the employee's performance appraisals provided by ratings and narrative comments indicates a low correlation between these assessments. The reasons for such low correlation include the qualitative assessments variability, the restricted list of competencies used in the quantitative assessments and the analytical format of quantitative assessments.Originality/valueThe study indicates that quantitative and qualitative assessments should be carried out jointly so that they can generate more comprehensive results. When the combined use is not possible, the quantitative approach is better suited for assessing performance, while the qualitative approach provides more valuable insights for boosting people development processes.

Environmental significance of dwarfed cephalopods

1948 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kummel
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Cordillera Central ◽  
Environmental Relationships ◽  
Northern Peru

Abstract Dwarfed and/or small cephalopods have been recorded from many parts of the geologic column. Data assembled from preliminary studies of the Cretaceous pyritic micromorph faunas of Texas and from an Upper Triassic (Norian) fauna from the Cordillera Central of northern Peru will be given. Both of these faunas contain an abundant cephalopod assemblage, mostly small in size, which are associated with other dwarfed and non-dwarfed invertebrates. Students of cephalopods are handicapped by the relative small amount of environmental data known on recent Nautilus. Some qualitative data on the environmental relationships of fossil cephalopods is known but practically no quantitative data is available. It is suggested that evolution has probably been an important factor in causing the development of some groups of small cephalopods.

scholarly journals Airtightness Analysis of the Built Heritage–Field Measurements of Nineteenth Century Buildings through Blower Door Tests

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6727
Author(s):  
Alexander Martín-Garín ◽  
José Antonio Millán-García ◽  
Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos ◽  
Rufino Javier Hernández-Minguillón ◽  
Abderrahmane Baïri
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Air Change Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Behaviour

Airtightness is a major issue in architectural design and it has a significant impact on the energy performance of buildings. Moreover, the energy behaviour of built heritage is due, to its singular characteristics, still a great unknown. The aim of this study is to establish a better knowledge of the airtightness of historical buildings, based on an in depth field study using blower-door tests. A set of 37 enclosures were analyzed inside eight buildings located in historical areas of a Spanish city with a significant built heritage. They were constructed between 1882 and 1919 and include diverse construction typologies applied for many building uses such as residential, cultural, educational, administrative and emblematic. The results indicate lower values compared to other previous airtightness studies of historical buildings. The average air change rate was found to be n50 = 9.03 h−1 and the airtightness of the enclosures presented a wide range of between 0.68 and 37.12 h−1. Three main levels of airtightness were identified with two thirds of the tested samples belonging to the intermediate level between 3–20 h−1. To conclude, several correlations have been developed which provide a method to estimate air leakage and could serve as a basis for energy performance studies of these kinds of building.

scholarly journals Mitigating Climate Change in the Cultural Built Heritage Sector

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Sesana ◽  
Chiara Bertolin ◽  
Alexandre Gagnon ◽  
John Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Change Mitigation

Climate change mitigation targets have put pressure to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings. Commonly adopted measures to decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of historical buildings are targeted at improving their energy efficiency through insulating the building envelope, and upgrading their heating, cooling and lighting systems. However, there are complex issues that arise when mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. For instance, preserving the authenticity of heritage buildings, maintaining their traditional passive behaviours, and choosing adaptive solutions compatible with the characteristics of heritage materials to avoid an acceleration of decay processes. It is thus important to understand what the enablers, or the barriers, are to reduce the carbon footprint of cultural heritage buildings to meet climate change mitigation targets. This paper investigates how climate change mitigation is considered in the management and preservation of the built heritage through semi-structured interviews with cultural heritage experts from the UK, Italy and Norway. Best-practice approaches for the refurbishment of historical buildings with the aim of decreasing their energy consumption are presented, as perceived by the interviewees, as well as the identification of the enablers and barriers in mitigating climate change in the cultural built heritage sector. The findings emphasise that adapting the cultural built heritage to reduce GHG emissions is challenging, but possible if strong and concerted action involving research and government can be undertaken to overcome the barriers identified in this paper.

scholarly journals SEMANTICALLY DESCRIBING URBAN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS ACROSS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GRANULARITY

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
E. Colucci ◽  
M. Kokla ◽  
M. A. Mostafavi ◽  
F. Noardo ◽  
A. Spanò
Keyword(s):  
Facility Management ◽  
Risk Prevention ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract. Architectural, built heritage and historical buildings embody cultural heritage value and - as known - they need to be studied, documented, persevered and represented. Although there are many fields involved in these activities, none of these considered individually can fully represent the heritage with a complete level of detail and information. The present work aims to investigate the different levels of detail and granularity among different communities involved in historical buildings tasks to semantically define different concepts. In this context, ontologies are considered as an effective solution for the formal conceptualization of the domains involved, providing a common language for knowledge sharing and reuse. The study starts from existing knowledge (standards, vocabularies, thesauri, classifications) and conceptualisations for regional, urban and architectural heritage and geographic information for various tasks (restoration, documentation and heritage studies, risk prevention, heritage asset and facility management, education and tourism, urban planning and energy refurbishment/performance). A specific use case involving historical buildings in fortified centres across different levels of detail is described to show how existing knowledge and standards conceptualisation need to be integrated and extended.

A Study on the Effect of Plate Stiffeners of Double Bottom During Ship Grounding With Large Contact Surface

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Hu ◽  
Jo̸rgen Amdahl
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
Deformation Mode ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Horizontal Resistance ◽  
Ship Grounding ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Small Indentation ◽  
Numerical Simulation Technique

The effect of plate stiffeners of double bottom during ship grounding with large contact surface was analyzed in this paper, by numerical simulation technique. It is always taken for granted that the effect of the stiffeners on the plate can be neglected, but they should not be dealt with in such a simple way. The objective ship is a double bottom tanker, and four different finite element models are made. Five numerical simulations are designed for each model, with different indentations from 10 percent to 50 percent of the double bottom height. With the simulation results, two sets of comparisons are made. The purpose of the comparison is to demonstrate how much role the stiffeners play in the structural performance during the grounding, and whether the smeared thickness method can predict the role of the stiffeners adequately. It is found that the vertical and horizontal resistances of the cases with stiffeners are all larger than those cases without stiffeners quite a while, which can prove that the stiffeners do have obvious influences on the resistance of the double bottom structure. The difference for horizontal resistance is more obvious than that for vertical resistance. Besides, the value of resistance in the model with stiffeners can be nearly double of that in the corresponding case in the model without stiffeners, especially for those cases with small indentation, which means the stiffeners play an important role in the structure deformation in mild grounding course. Furthermore, it is also indicated that the effect of smeared thickness can not predict the role of the stiffeners adequately, due to the perpendicular disposal of the stiffeners on the plate is of crucial importance in the structural deformation mode. A conclusion is drawn that the influence of the stiffeners on the plate should be taken into consideration and the deformation mechanism of the stiffeners should be included in the simplified analytical method in future.

scholarly journals As-Built BIM for a Fifteenth-Century Chinese Brick Structure at Various LoDs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Sun ◽  
Jiangtao Xie ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Yongkang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Surface Mapping ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Building Information

Building information modeling (BIM) has received significant research attention in the field of built heritage. As-built BIM refers to a BIM representation of the “as-is” conditions of built heritage at the time of a survey. Determining the level of development (LoD) is crucial for as-built BIM owing to its relevance to model effects and modeling efforts. This study addresses this issue from the viewpoint of a brick structure based on a case study of a fifteenth-century ruin in Nanjing, China. Three LoDs are proposed based on the combined use of a commercial platform and auxiliary tools: A host model linked with raster images composed using orthoimage and relief maps (LoD 1), an as-built volume with semantic skins (LoD 2), and a brick-by-brick model with custom industry foundation class parameters at local areas (LoD 3). The results reveal that LoD 1 caters to an efficient web-based workflow for brick-damage annotations; as-built dimensions can be extracted from LoD 2; and LoD 3 enables attributes, such as damage types, to be attached at the brick level. In future studies, the detection of brick shapes is expected to automate the process of as-built surface mapping.

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