scholarly journals A Design of a Time Synchronization Protocol Based on Dynamic Route and Forwarding Certification

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5061
Author(s):  
Dejing Zhang ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Yanqing Bi
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Dynamic Routing ◽  
Synchronization Error ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Reference Node ◽  
Error Accumulation ◽  
Synchronization Protocol

Time synchronization is a key technique in large-scale wireless sensor network applications. In order to tackle the problems of multi-hop synchronization error accumulation, clock frequency skew swinging, and network topology changes, a time synchronization protocol based on dynamic routing and forwarding certification (DRFC-TSP) is proposed in this paper. During the time synchronization process, a reference node with fewer synchronization hops and a more stable clock frequency is selected for every single hop, in order to obtain the best synchronization route. In this way, synchronization error accumulation can be restrained and the impact of clock frequency skew swinging on the time synchronization precision can be reduced. Furthermore, changes of the network topology can be well adapted by dynamic routing, in which the reference node is updated in every synchronization round. In the forwarding certification process, the status of nodes forwarding synchronous information outwards is authored by information exchange between neighboring nodes. Only synchronous information of the certificated nodes with a better performance can be forwarded. The network traffic can be decreased and the time synchronization precision can also be ensured, even with less energy consumption. Feasibility testing in large-scale wireless sensor networks is verified on NS2 simulation and more performances are evaluated on an embedded Linux platform.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Time Synchronization Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 3020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linh-An Phan ◽  
Taejoon Kim ◽  
Taehong Kim ◽  
JaeSeang Lee ◽  
Jae-Hyun Ham
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Message Delay ◽  
Delay Jitter ◽  
Error Accumulation ◽  
Flooding Time ◽  
Synchronization Protocol

The time synchronization protocol is indispensable in various applications of wireless sensor networks, such as scheduling, monitoring, and tracking. Numerous protocols and algorithms have been proposed in recent decades, and many of them provide micro-scale resolutions. However, designing and implementing a time synchronization protocol in a practical wireless network is very challenging compared to implementation in a wired network; this is because its performance can be deteriorated significantly by many factors, including hardware quality, message delay jitter, ambient environment, and network topology. In this study, we measure the performance of the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) and Gradient Time Synchronization Protocol (GTSP) in terms of practical network conditions, such as message delay jitter, synchronization period, network topology, and packet loss. This study provides insights into the operation and optimization of time synchronization protocols. In addition, the performance evaluation identifies that FTSP is highly affected by message delay jitter due to error accumulation over multi-hops. We demonstrate that the proposed extended version of the FTSP (E-FTSP) alleviates the effect of message delay jitter and enhances the overall performance of FTSP in terms of error, time, and other factors.

Pulse-Coupled Synchronization Protocol and Its Optimized Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Shi ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Lihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Coupling Coefficient ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Time Signal ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Pulse Waves ◽  
Time Information ◽  
Synchronization Protocol

This paper proposed a pulse-coupled synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks. The time information of the node can be encoded at the Mac layer and then sent and received in the form of pulse waves. During the exchange of time information between a pair of nodes, one node will adjust its own clock information according to certain rules after receiving the pulse time signal of the other node. This process is repeated in the entire wireless sensor network. Under certain environmental and estimated parameter conditions, all nodes in the network can finally converge to a coherent frequency and phase, thus realizing time synchronization. The relationship between time synchronization and coupling coefficient was proved theoretically, and the optimal coupling coefficient was derived. An optimized algorithm was proposed after the optimization of the protocol. Finally, the correctness of the proposed protocol and its optimized algorithm was verified by data simulation.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Synchronization Protocol for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Array Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Jie Shen ◽  
Ming Yin ◽  
Ji-An Luo ◽  
Zhi-Bo Wang ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Tracking ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Guarantee System ◽  
Network Maintenance ◽  
Array Synchronization ◽  
Synchronization Accuracy ◽  
Synchronization Protocol

Time synchronization is an important middleware function that supports the Quality of Service (QoS) of systems in wireless sensor array networks. Instead of providing high synchronization accuracy for all application scenarios, we argue that synchronization protocols should be application specific. In this paper, we exploit the synchronization requirements of target-tracking systems in wireless sensor array networks and propose an energy-efficient Sensor Array Synchronization Protocol (SASP), which provides the required synchronization accuracy to guarantee the QoS. Specifically, when no target appears, to guarantee system lifetime, coarse synchronization is achieved with little overhead by piggybacking time information onto periodical network maintenance packets. Once targets appear, SASP achieves high inter-array and relatively higher intra-array synchronization accuracy rather than the traditional network-wide high accuracy on average. In this way, it guarantees reliable communication and accurate data fusion, while reducing energy consumption. Theoretical analysis and extensive evaluations show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.

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