scholarly journals Racing Demands of Off-Road Triathlon: A Case Study of a National Champion Masters Triathlete

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Harnish ◽  
Hamish A. Ferguson ◽  
Gregory P. Swinand
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Technical Ability ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Anaerobic Work ◽  
Data Files

(1) Background: This report examines the unique demands of off-road triathlon (XT) by presenting physiological, field, and race data from a national champion off-road triathlete using several years of laboratory and field data to detail training and race intensity. (2) Methods: Laboratory and field data were collected when the athlete was at near peak fitness and included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), power output (W), and blood lactate (BLC) during cycling and running, while HR, cycling W, and running metrics were obtained from training and race data files over a period of seven years. Intensity was described using % HR max zones (Z) 1 < 75%, 2 = 75–87%, and Zone 3 > 87%, and W. An ordinary least squares analysis was used to model differences between event types. (3) Results: Weather conditions were not different across events. XT events had twice the elevation change (p < 0.01) and two-three times greater anaerobic work capacity (W’) (p < 0.001) than road triathlon (ROAD), but similar HR intensity profiles (max, avg, and zones); both events are predominately performed at >Z2 or higher intensity. Championship XT events were longer (p < 0.01), with higher kJ expenditure (p < 0.001). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) modelling suggested three variables were strongly related (R2 = 0.84; p < 0.0001) to cycling performance: event type (XT vs ROAD), total meters climbed, and total bike duration. Championship XT runs were slower than either regional (p < 0.05) or ROAD (p < 0.01) runs, but HR intensity profiles similar. OLS modelling indicates that slower running is linked to either greater total bike kJ expenditure (R2 = 0.57; p < 0.001), or total meters gained (R2 = 0.52; p < 0.001). Race simulation data support these findings but failed to produce meaningful differences in running. Conclusions: XT race demands are unique and mirror mountain bike (MTB) and trail running demands. XT athletes must be mindful of developing anaerobic fitness, technical ability, and aerobic fitness, all of which contribute to off-road cycling economy. It is unclear whether XT cycling affects subsequent running performance different from ROAD cycling.

scholarly journals Racing and Training Demands of off-Road Triathlon: A Case Study of a National Champion Masters Triathlete

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Harnish ◽  
Hamish A Ferguson ◽  
Gregory P Swinand
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Technical Ability ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Training Demands ◽  
Trail Running

(1) Background: This report examines the unique demands of off-road triathlon (XT) by presenting physiological, field, and race data from a national champion off-road triathlete using several years of laboratory and field data to detail training and race intensity. (2) Methods: Laboratory and field data were collected when the athlete was at near peak fitness and included oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), power output (W), and blood lactate (BLC) during cycling and running, while HR, cycling W, and running metrics were obtained from training and race data files over a period of seven years. Intensity was described using % HR max zones (Z) 1 &amp;lt; 75%, 2 = 75 - 87%, and Zone 3 &amp;gt; 87%, and W. An ordinary least squares analysis was used to model differences between event types. (3) Results: Weather conditions were not different across events. XT events had twice the elevation change (p&amp;lt;0.01) and two-three times greater W&rsquo; (p&amp;lt; 0.001) than road triathlon (ROAD), but similar HR intensity profiles (max, avg, and zones); both events are predominately performed at &amp;gt; Z2 or higher intensity. Championship XT events were longer (p&amp;lt;0.01) , with higher kJ expenditure (p&amp;lt;0.001). OLS modelling suggested three variables were strongly related (R2 = 0.84; p &amp;lt; 0.0001) to cycling performance: event type (XT vs ROAD), total meters climbed, and total bike duration. Championship XT runs were slower than either regional (p&amp;lt;0.05) or ROAD (p&amp;lt;0.01) runs, but HR intensity profiles similar. OLS modelling indicates that slower running is linked to either greater total bike kJ expenditure (R2 = 0.57; p&amp;lt;0.001), or total meters gained (R2 = 0.52; p&amp;lt;0.001). Race simulation data support these findings but failed to produce meaningful differences in running. Conclusions: XT race demands are unique and mirror MTB and trail running demands. XT athletes must be mindful of developing anaerobic fitness, technical ability, and aerobic fitness, all of which contribute to off-road cycling economy. It is unclear whether XT cycling affects subsequent running performance different from ROAD cycling.

PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN BANK TERHADAP KINERJA UNIT USAHA SYARIAH PADA BANK DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Hafidzah Nurjannah ◽  
Yul Efnita ◽  
Eva Sundari
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh secara signifikan baik partial maupun simultan pada variabel kepemilikan bank, simpanan (DPK), rasio pinjaman terhadap simpanan (LDR) dan rasio kecukupan modal (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap profitabilitas (ROA) pada bank yang memiliki Unit Usaha Syariah (UUS) baik itu pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) maupun Bank Swasta. Populasi dan sampel terdiri dari 24 UUS milik Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) dan Bank Swasta. Dari ke 24 bank tersebut, hanya 18 bank yang dipilih menjadi sampel. Bank-bank tersebut adalah 7 Bank Swasta dan 11 Bank Pembangunan Daerah. Periode penelitian ini adalah 2010-2014. Data diambil dari laporan tahunan bank. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dan pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan UUS milik Bank Pembangunan Daerah lebih baik daripada Bank Swasta. Hal ini disebabkan beberapa faktor. Pertama, pinjaman hanya untuk pejabat pemerintah daerah di mana pembayaran pinjaman melalui pengurangan gaji, sehingga kemungkinan tidak dapat membayar pinjaman sangat rendah meskipun situasi ekonomi tidak stabil. Kedua, karena Bank Pembangunan Daerah menyediakan layanan hanya untuk lokal saja, sehingga memiliki pengetahuan khusus tentang daerah tersebut. Sehingga akan memungkinkan nasabah menilai penerapan pinjaman dan mengidentifikasi pinjaman yang memenuhi syarat. Ketiga, kinerja Bank Pembangunan Daerah yang diawasi oleh pemerintah daerah lebih intensif. Kata Kunci : Hedging, Laverage, Cash Ratio, Firm Size, Bank Syariah.

An Augmented Iteratively Re-weighted and Refined Least Squares Method for lp Minimization Problem in Inverse Modeling of Potential Field Magnetic Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maysam Abedi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Minimization Problem ◽  
Potential Field ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Data

The presented work examines application of an Augmented Iteratively Re-weighted and Refined Least Squares method (AIRRLS) to construct a 3D magnetic susceptibility property from potential field magnetic anomalies. This algorithm replaces an lp minimization problem by a sequence of weighted linear systems in which the retrieved magnetic susceptibility model is successively converged to an optimum solution, while the regularization parameter is the stopping iteration numbers. To avoid the natural tendency of causative magnetic sources to concentrate at shallow depth, a prior depth weighting function is incorporated in the original formulation of the objective function. The speed of lp minimization problem is increased by inserting a pre-conditioner conjugate gradient method (PCCG) to solve the central system of equation in cases of large scale magnetic field data. It is assumed that there is no remanent magnetization since this study focuses on inversion of a geological structure with low magnetic susceptibility property. The method is applied on a multi-source noise-corrupted synthetic magnetic field data to demonstrate its suitability for 3D inversion, and then is applied to a real data pertaining to a geologically plausible porphyry copper unit.  The real case study located in  Semnan province of  Iran  consists  of  an arc-shaped  porphyry  andesite  covered  by  sedimentary  units  which  may  have  potential  of  mineral  occurrences, especially  porphyry copper. It is demonstrated that such structure extends down at depth, and consequently exploratory drilling is highly recommended for acquiring more pieces of information about its potential for ore-bearing mineralization.

The antecedents of corporate social and environmental responsibility discourse in Pakistan: Multiple theoretical perspectives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farhan Basheer ◽  
Saqib Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Atif ◽  
Zubair Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Environmental Responsibility ◽  
Legitimacy Theory ◽  
Discourse Practices ◽  
Corporate Social

The primary purpose of the study is to explore the antecedents of corporate social and environmental responsibilities discourse practices in Pakistan. The industry sensitivity, government shareholding, block holder ownership, print media coverage, environmental monitoring programs, and strategic posture are examined as antecedents of corporate social and environmental responsibility practices. A multidimensional theoretical perspective namely stakeholder theory (ST), institutional theory (IT), agency theory (PAT), and legitimacy theory (LT) is used to conceptualize the phenomena. All the four of perspective theories (positive accounting theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, and institutional theory) claim that there are ‘pressures’ that impact the organization. How much ‘pressures’ are recognized, managed or satisfied differs from one perspective of theory to the other. To estimate the data, this study uses three sets of panel data models, i.e., the pooled ordinary least squares model (POLS) or constant coefficients model, fixed effects (FEM or least squares dummy variable/LSDV model) and random-effects models. The final sample is comprising of 173 firms over eight years from 2011 to 2017. The firms listed in PSX are included in the sample. Overall the findings of the study have shown agreement with the proposed results. However, the study has provided more support to the institutional theory and stakeholder theory. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholders Theory, Agency Theory, Pakistan

Sediment transport under dry weather conditions in a small sewer system

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Flemming Schlütter ◽  
Kjeld Schaarup-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Initial Results

Increased knowledge of the processes which govern the transport of solids in sewers is necessary in order to develop more reliable and applicable sediment transport models for sewer systems. Proper validation of these are essential. For that purpose thorough field measurements are imperative. This paper renders initial results obtained in an ongoing case study of a Danish combined sewer system in Frejlev, a small town southwest of Aalborg, Denmark. Field data are presented concerning estimation of the sediment transport during dry weather. Finally, considerations on how to approach numerical modelling is made based on numerical simulations using MOUSE TRAP (DHI 1993).

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