Calculation of Characterization Factors of Mineral Resources Considering Future Primary Resource Use Changes: A Comparison between Iron and Copper

Conflict over property and resource rights is a common product of the convergence of biodiversity conservation and natural resource extraction and is especially pronounced in resource rich developing countries. Madagascar, a country well known for its unique and threatened biodiversity as well as its wealth of mineral resources is under great pressure to reconcile the conflict between these two treasures. This article, utilizing research conducted from 2004-2008, explores how resource claims are exercised, by whom, and by what means in two artisanal gemstone mining sites in Madagascar. It argues that the practices and discourses associated with conservation intervention have influenced both the way in which people understand as well as act upon their property rights. The alienation and dispossession accompanying a fortress modeled state-managed protected area is contrasted with a decentralized self-governing communitymanaged model and are posited as key drivers of observed differences in people's claims to resources in two gemstone mining sites. The research shows that community-managed conservation had an unexpected influence on a community's assertion of greater authority over gem resources. Key words: Community management, conservation, mining, Madagascar, governance

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Primary resource configuration effects on secondary resource use by ring-billed gull populations in two landscapes.

10.22215/etd/1997-03564 ◽

1997 ◽

Author(s):

Carole Potter

Keyword(s):

Resource Use ◽

Resource Configuration ◽

Primary Resource ◽

Secondary Resource

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Top-down characterization of resource use in LCA: from problem definition of resource use to operational characterization factors for dissipation of elements to the environment

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ◽

10.1007/s11367-020-01819-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 2255-2273

Author(s):

Lauran van Oers ◽

Jeroen B. Guinée ◽

Reinout Heijungs ◽

Rita Schulze ◽

Rodrigo A. F. Alvarenga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Impact Assessment ◽

Resource Use ◽

Problem Definition ◽

Characterization Factors ◽

Top Down ◽

Definition Of ◽

Common Understanding

Abstract Purpose The methods for assessing the impact of using abiotic resources in life cycle assessment (LCA) have always been heavily debated. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a common understanding of the problem related to resource use. This article reports the results of an effort to reach such common understanding between different stakeholder groups and the LCA community. For this, a top-down approach was applied. Methods To guide the process, a four-level top-down framework was used to (1) demarcate the problem that needs to be assessed, (2) translate this into a modeling concept, (3) derive mathematical equations and fill these with data necessary to calculate the characterization factors, and (4) align the system boundaries and assumptions that are made in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model and the life cycle inventory (LCI) model. Results We started from the following definition of the problem of using resources: the decrease of accessibility on a global level of primary and/or secondary elements over the very long term or short term due to the net result of compromising actions. The system model distinguishes accessible and inaccessible stocks in both the environment and the technosphere. Human actions can compromise the accessible stock through environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use or through exploration. As a basis for impact assessment, we propose two parameters: the global change in accessible stock as a net result of the compromising actions and the global amount of the accessible stock. We propose three impact categories for the use of elements: environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use, with associated characterization equations for two different time horizons. Finally, preliminary characterization factors are derived and applied in a simple illustrative case study for environmental dissipation. Conclusions Due to data constraints, at this moment, only characterization factors for “dissipation to the environment” over a very-long-term time horizon could be elaborated. The case study shows that the calculation of impact scores might be hampered by insufficient LCI data. Most presently available LCI databases are far from complete in registering the flows necessary to assess the impacts on the accessibility of elements. While applying the framework, various choices are made that could plausibly be made differently. We invite our peers to also use this top-down framework when challenging our choices and elaborate that into a consistent set of choices and assumptions when developing LCIA methods.

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Updated Resource Depletion Characterization Factors for Life Cycle Assessment-Case Studies on Iron and Steel Production in China

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.358 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 847 ◽

pp. 358-365

Author(s):

Yan Jiao Zhang ◽

Feng Gao ◽

Zhi Hong Wang

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Steel Production ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Current Status ◽

Characterization Factors ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Natural Minerals ◽

Abiotic Resource ◽

Iron And Steel Production

In this study, the CML model for resource depletion was updated based on the current status of the mineral resources and the characteristics of relevant statistics in China; and the characterization factors of resource depletion were determined for the majority of natural minerals which are most used in materials industry. Besides, case studies on iron and steel production (BF-BOF and EAF process) were carried out to demonstrate the valid of the modified and localized resource depletion model. The results show that in terms of category, the development of Chinese steel industry is mainly based on the depletion of the natural iron ore and fluorite. The results also show that for BF-BOF process, abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) in 2012 is 5.26 times of that in 2004; and for the EAF process, ADP in 2012 is 23.6 times of that in 2004. Therefore, the information of ADP needs to be updated at intervals of time.

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Primary resource use and voluntary recycling schemes: Dynamic issues in a global context

Resource and Energy Economics ◽

10.1016/0928-7655(95)00010-0 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 341-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lynn Mainwaring

Keyword(s):

Resource Use ◽

Global Context ◽

Primary Resource

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96/02333 Primary resource use and voluntary recycling schemes: Dynamic issues in a global context

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/0140-6701(96)88320-2 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 157

Keyword(s):

Resource Use ◽

Global Context ◽

Primary Resource

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Under new management marine consents in the exclusive economic zone

Policy Quarterly ◽

10.26686/pq.v13i2.4650 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Morgan Watkins

Keyword(s):

Resource Management ◽

Continental Shelf ◽

Resource Use ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Policy Issue ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Exclusive Economic Zone ◽

Shelf Area ◽

Economic Zone ◽

Continental Shelf Area

Mineral resources and energy are central to the level of technological sophistication that we have come to expect in our everyday lives. Yet the availability and use of these finite resources is unsustainable, almost by definition, and particularly so when considering fragile ecosystems. This raises the ‘super-wicked’ policy issue, negotiated through resource management legislation, of trying to balance necessary resource use with not irreparably damaging the natural environment (Levin et al., 2012). This article primarily concerns the effects of the Resource Legislation Amendment Bill (2015) on management of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf area. Omnibus bills that contain nontechnical and contentious amendments continue to challenge civil society’s ability to fully consider the implications of reform.

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VISIBILITAS HUBUNGAN KEMITRAAN PADA POLA INTERAKSI SUAMI-ISTRI DALAM PANDANGAN AL-SYAFI’I

Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam ◽

10.14421/musawa.2015.141.101-112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 101

Author(s):

Mu’ammar Zayn Qadafy

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Resource Use ◽

Good Reason ◽

Married Couples ◽

Primary Resource ◽

Islamic Jurisprudence ◽

And Gender ◽

Bride Price ◽

Better Than ◽

Husband And Wife

The Perspective of al-Syafi’I on Partnership in Marriage In husband and wife relationships, contemporary couples prefer a partnership pattern rather than one of leadership. Although the latter is not necessary better than the former, it is obviously more accommodative of modern ideas of justice, egalitarianism and gender equality. This article aims to explore the connections between household partnership patterns, as fundamental to contemporary Muslim’s, and the traditional Islamic jurisprudence (fikih) most dominant among the diverse adherents of Islam. More specifically, this research describes al-Syafi`í thought. To explore the partnership patterns of married couples, it elaborates on three points: (1) the meaning of qawwamuna, (2) the concept of bride price and household expenses, and (3) interactions between husband and wife. The primary resource use in this research is al-Umm. This article concludes that Syafi’i jurisprudence implicitly accommodates the idea of partnership between marriage partners, as evident in (1) the acknowledgement of a woman’s right to choose her husband; (2) the bride price, which has both legal, formal and moral implications; (3) the co-understanding of the marriage partners in matters of household expenses and the emphasizing of discussion in solving financial problems; and (4) the use of good reason in dealing with household and personal conflicts.

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Mineral resources in life cycle impact assessment: part II – recommendations on application-dependent use of existing methods and on future method development needs

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ◽

10.1007/s11367-020-01737-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 798-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Markus Berger ◽

Thomas Sonderegger ◽

Rodrigo Alvarenga ◽

Vanessa Bach ◽

Alexander Cimprich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mineral Resource ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Impact Assessment ◽

Life Cycle Impact Assessment ◽

Resource Use ◽

Method Development ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Current Resource ◽

Life Cycle Impact ◽

Key Questions

Abstract Purpose Assessing impacts of abiotic resource use has been a topic of persistent debate among life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method developers and a source of confusion for life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners considering the different interpretations of the safeguard subject for mineral resources and the resulting variety of LCIA methods to choose from. Based on the review and assessment of 27 existing LCIA methods, accomplished in the first part of this paper series (Sonderegger et al. 2020), this paper provides recommendations regarding the application-dependent use of existing methods and areas for future method development. Method Within the “global guidance for LCIA indicators and methods” project of the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by UN Environment, 62 members of the “task force mineral resources” representing different stakeholders discussed the strengths and limitations of existing LCIA methods and developed initial conclusions. These were used by a subgroup of eight members at the Pellston Workshop® held in Valencia, Spain, to derive recommendations on the application-dependent use and future development of impact assessment methods. Results and discussion First, the safeguard subject for mineral resources within the area of protection (AoP) natural resources was defined. Subsequently, seven key questions regarding the consequences of mineral resource use were formulated, grouped into “inside-out” related questions (i.e., current resource use leading to changes in opportunities for future users to use resources) and “outside-in” related questions (i.e., potential restrictions of resource availability for current resource users). Existing LCIA methods were assigned to these questions, and seven methods (ADPultimate reserves, SOPURR, LIME2endpoint, CEENE, ADPeconomic reserves, ESSENZ, and GeoPolRisk) are recommended for use in current LCA studies at different levels of recommendation. All 27 identified LCIA methods were tested on an LCA case study of an electric vehicle, and yielded divergent results due to their modeling of impact mechanisms that address different questions related to mineral resource use. Besides method-specific recommendations, we recommend that all methods increase the number of minerals covered, regularly update their characterization factors, and consider the inclusion of secondary resources and anthropogenic stocks. Furthermore, the concept of dissipative resource use should be defined and integrated in future method developments. Conclusion In an international consensus-finding process, the current challenges of assessing impacts of resource use in LCA have been addressed by defining the safeguard subject for mineral resources, formulating key questions related to this safeguard subject, recommending existing LCIA methods in relation to these questions, and highlighting areas for future method development.

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