scholarly journals Inequality in the Distribution of Healthcare Human Resources in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Rój
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Closed Data ◽  
Resources Distribution ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Healthcare Human Resources ◽  
Healthcare Need

Human resources are the major input in health systems. Therefore, their equitable distribution remains critical in making progress towards the goal of sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate equity in the distribution of healthcare human resources across regions of Poland from 2010 to 2017. This research by applying specifically to Polish conditions will allow the existing gap in the literature to be closed. Data were derived from the Database of Statistics Poland, and the Lorenz Curve/Gini coefficient was engaged as well as the Theil index to measure the extent and drivers of inequality in the distribution of healthcare human resources in macro-regions. Population size along with crude death rates are employed as proxies for healthcare need/demand. This research has several major findings. Mainly, it was found, that the geographical distribution of all types of human resources is less equitable than is the case with population distribution. Relatively lower equity in the access to oncologists, family doctors, and cardiologists was found. There are some noticeable differences between macro-regions in the equity level of healthcare human resources distribution. This research provides various implications for policy and practice and will allow for improved planning and more efficient use of these resources.

scholarly journals Improvement of Equality in the Distribution of Human Resources in Polish Healthcare

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Rój
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Occupational Medicine ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Gini Coefficients

Human resources are the major input of health systems therefore the equitable distribution of human resources in health care remain critical in making progress towards the goal of universal health coverage and thus to sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the health care human resources distribution across regions of Poland between 2010 and 2017 and estimate the level of equity. This research by applying to Polish conditions will allow to fill in the gap in existing literature. Data was derived from the Knowledge Database Health and Health Care of Statistic Poland and Polish Statistical Yearbook. In purpose to examine the distribution of health resources against population size and geographic size in Poland, the Gini coefficient calculated based on the Lorenz Curve was engaged. This study has several major findings. The amount of most types of human resources – as apart from internist, obstetrics and gynecology, occupational medicine - when expressed as number of them per 10,000 population or 1 square km increased in 2017 compared to 2010. Moreover, for most types of health care human resources the level of access slightly changed during analysied period as Gini coefficients decreased. However, the geographical distribution of all types of human resources is less equitable then in case of population distribution. The most troublesome is relatively lower equity in case of oncologist, family medicine and occupational medicine and cardiologist in both population and geographical distribution. Thus this research provides some implications for policy and practice. As the main reason to establish National Health Fund (which meant the centralization of the system) in Poland was to to eliminate regional differences in access to health care, thus this research confirms that still some more corrective actions, in this field, should be undertaken.

Inequality trends in the distribution of healthcare human resources in eastern Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 201010582110411
Author(s):  
Sam Sotodeh Manesh ◽  
Mahsa Hedayati Zafarghandi ◽  
Zahra Merati ◽  
Javad Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Mansoor Delpasand
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Healthcare Human Resources ◽  
South Khorasan

Background Inequitable distribution of human resources in healthcare is one of the main obstacles to improve any health system. This study aimed to evaluate inequalities in the distribution of human resources in healthcare in South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods We have investigated three types of health staff (i.e. nurses, general practitioners, and specialists) from 2013 to 2018. Data were collected from the annual reports of the Statistical Centre of Iran. The Gini coefficient and time trend regression were applied to measure the inequality. Results The distribution of specialists and general practitioners were the highest and lowest inequality, respectively. Inequalities in the distribution of nurses and specialists have decreased from 2013 to 2018, while the Gini coefficients of the general practitioners have increased from 0.31 to 0.38. According to the regression analysis, inequality in the distribution of nurses and specialists was decreasing over the time; however, the decline was only significant for specialists. While the coefficient B for general practitioners is positive, this indicates raised inequality, but the observed increase was not significant. Conclusions This study revealed that Iran, similar to several other low- and middle-income countries, is with faced the challenge of inequitable distribution of human resources in healthcare, which in turn indicates the necessity of reforms at national and regional levels to address inequalities in the distribution of healthcare human resources, particularly in South Khorasan Province. Hence, the main policy recommendation is to focus on continuous monitoring and evaluation of resource allocation in South Khorasan Province to reduce inequalities.

scholarly journals Нормативно-Политические Вопросы Обращение С Обеспечением Низкого Образования В Индонезии (Policy In Handling The Low Education Relevance In Indonesia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrayanto Indrayanto ◽  
Smyshlyaeva Larisa Germanovna
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Government Education ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Education Transformation

AbstractThe problem of Human Resources (HR) in Indonesia is becoming increasingly complex, this is reflected in the large number of formal education graduates from various levels who are not absorbed in the world of work. Many factors cause this to happen, including the mismatch between HR competencies and the labor market, the growth of the workforce is greater than the availability of available employment and population distribution between regions is not evenly distributed. If you look at the achievements of Indonesian tertiary education graduates, many of Indonesian tertiary education graduates are slow to get jobs, this shows that there is a broken link between higher education and the world of work. Higher education has not been able to produce graduates with high selling prices armed with the knowledge they have learned even though in general higher education graduates have greater employment opportunities than high school or lower level graduates. Many realities on the ground show that the quality of Indonesian people as a potential resource still does not meet expectations. This happens because of the low quality of education in Indonesia. By fulfilling good educational needs, the students will get benefits and can improve the quality of life of the knowledge they have, so that after completing their education, they can get decent jobs or create quality jobs. Indonesia's education world must start to build links with the world of work, so that the world of work responds to graduates produced in accordance with what the world of work wants; this paradigm must be understood and built by the Indonesian government. Education transformation is needed so that education is able to produce reliable and resilient human resources; education and educators must be improved. 

Convergence theorems for empirical Lorenz curves and their inverses

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Goldie
Keyword(s):  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Finite Variance ◽  
Cumulative Proportion ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Central Limit Theorems

The Lorenz curve of the distribution of ‘wealth’ is a graph of cumulative proportion of total ‘wealth’ owned, against cumulative proportion of the population owning it. This paper uses Gastwirth's definition of the Lorenz curve which applies to a general probability distribution on (0, ∞) having finite mean; thus it applies both to a ‘population’ distribution and to empirical distributions obtained on sampling. The Lorenz curves of the latter are proved to converge, with probability 1, uniformly to the former, and similarly for their inverses. Modified Lorenz curves are also defined, which treat atoms of differently, and these and their inverses are proved strongly consistent. Functional central limit theorems are then proved for empirical Lorenz curves and their inverses, under condition that be continuous and have finite variance. A mild variation condition is also needed in some circumstances. If the support of is connected, the weak convergence is relative to C[0, 1] with uniform topology, otherwise to D[0, 1] with M1 topology. Selected applications are discussed, one being to the Gini coefficient.

Convergence theorems for empirical Lorenz curves and their inverses

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 765-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Goldie
Keyword(s):  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Finite Variance ◽  
Cumulative Proportion ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Central Limit Theorems

The Lorenz curve of the distribution of ‘wealth’ is a graph of cumulative proportion of total ‘wealth’ owned, against cumulative proportion of the population owning it. This paper uses Gastwirth's definition of the Lorenz curve which applies to a general probability distribution on (0, ∞) having finite mean; thus it applies both to a ‘population’ distributionand to empirical distributions obtained on sampling. The Lorenz curves of the latter are proved to converge, with probability 1, uniformly to the former, and similarly for their inverses. Modified Lorenz curves are also defined, which treat atoms ofdifferently, and these and their inverses are proved strongly consistent. Functional central limit theorems are then proved for empirical Lorenz curves and their inverses, under condition thatbe continuous and have finite variance. A mild variation condition is also needed in some circumstances. If the support ofis connected, the weak convergence is relative toC[0, 1] with uniform topology, otherwise toD[0, 1] withM1topology. Selected applications are discussed, one being to the Gini coefficient.

scholarly journals Equity analysis of Chinese physician allocation based on Gini coefficient and Theil index

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Yu ◽  
Shuangyan Yu ◽  
Da He ◽  
Yuanan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Service Management ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Equity Analysis ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Chinese Physician ◽  
Distribution Of Physicians

Abstract Background Unequal allocation of medical physician resource represents one of major problems in the current medical service management in China and many other countries. This study is designed to analyze the current distribution of physicians in 31 provincial administrative regions in China, to estimate the fairness of the distribution of physicians and provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the allocation of physicians. Methods This study took physicians from 31 provincial administrative regions in China as the study objects, and the data were obtained from the China Health Statistics Yearbook 2019 and the official website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Calculation of the Gini coefficient (G) and the Theil index (T) were carried out by drawing the Lorenz curve. The fairness of present physician location in 31 provincial administrative regions in China was analyzed from the perspective of distribution by both population and service area. Results The Gini coefficients of medical physicians in China are 0.003 and 0.88 by population and by service area, respectively. This shows that the distribution of medical physicians is fair basing on population, and there is little difference in the number of physicians per 1000 population in different regions. However, the physician distribution basing on service area is highly unfair and shows a large gap in the number of physicians per square kilometer between different regions. In general, Beijing, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Tianjin are higher than the overall level of 31 provincial administrative regions. In addition, the number of medical physicians in Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing and Jiangsu is over-provisioned. Conclusion Bridging the number of medical physicians in different regions is a key step to improve the equity of physicians’ resource allocation. Thus, findings from this study emphasize the need to take more measures to reduce physician quality differences between regions, balance and coordinate medical resources. This will increase the access of all citizens to quality medical services.

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