Primary Energy Consumption Structure and The Influencing Factors In China: An Income Decomposition and Post-Economic Crisis Era Perspective

China’s coal-based energy structure makes its carbon peak and neutrality goals very challenging. Therefore, the optimization of the energy structure has become an important means, and exploring its influencing factors and trends has become the basis and prerequisite for the formulation of policies related to the optimization of the energy structure. This study adopts regression methods considering heteroskedasticity and cross-section correlation to study the panel data of 30 provinces in China, and obtains the changes of relationship between the fossil and non-fossil fuels consumption of different regions and their influencing factors after two global financial crises. Research results show that, China's energy consumption tends to decouple from GDP. Income structure changes especially trade changes are important factors in influencing energy consumption and energy structure. The deviation of energy resources distribution and consumption distribution tends to strengthen. The impact of urbanization development models, energy prices and efficiency shows regional heteroskedasticity.

Distribution of financial resources by areas of investments in the human capital of the region

Introduction. The study has been conducted within the framework of the urgent scientific and practical task of accumulation and development of human capital of Russian regions. Under the conditions of risks and limited resources, the regional management faces the task of optimal distribution of financial resources invested in the development of human capital and improvement of the quality of life. The study aims to build and test the dynamic optimization model of financial resources distribution by areas of investment in human capital through the example of the Primorye Territory (Russian Federation). Materials and methods. The multi-period economic and mathematical model describes the influence of the volumes and structure of public and private investments on the regional human capital in the form of recurrent dependencies. The target function of the model is an integrated index of achieving the objectives for the development of human capital in the region. The model is a mathematical programming problem, the optimization variables are the shares of investment resources distributed by investment areas and years. Results. In a practical sense, the proposed model is a management tool for searching the optimal structure of investments in human capital by areas of investment and periods. Based on the annual results of modeling and numerical calculations through the example of the Primorye Territory (Russian Federation), the structure of the investments that allow advancing in the achievement of target values of strategic indicators in the field of human capital development is offered. Conclusion. In the long term, the achievement of target indicators will be facilitated by a more even structure of investments in the following areas: along with education and health care, it is advisable to increase investments in other areas, first of all, in the issues of national importance, national security, public order, and social policy.

Methodology for ensuring the formation of marketing strategy of enterprise development

Introduction. Market conditions pose new problems for economic entities. Currently, Ukrainian enterprises develop a plan of their market activity on the long and short term scopes on their own, meaning that all the enterprises independently choose the raw materials suppliers, range and volume of production, consumers, profits range, and the order of profits distribution. Therefore, the important part in the activities of an enterprise is the development and the implementation of the enterprise strategy. The purpose of the paper is to increase the theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of marketing strategy for enterprise development. Results. The article analyzes the issues during the formation of marketing strategy for enterprise development, where it can be used for the decision-making on the resources distribution with a goal to achieve the competitive advantages in selected product markets. Enterprises should have a system of constant discussion and reviewing of their own general objectives, but should avoid the frequent and significant changes in the main field of their activities. The process of selection and substantiation for the formation of marketing strategy for the enterprises was studied; which resulted in developing the following stages: evaluation of the existing strategy, formation of the basic strategy, market analysis, choice of strategic alternatives. The principle of choosing the most efficient marketing strategies is to use the different methods, namely: field tests, mathematical analysis, simulation. Conclusion. It is very important to choose the right marketing strategy, which will choose the main focal point in the enterprise development in today's economic system. Each strategy is characterized by consistency, execution time and efficiency in order to achieve the goals of the enterprise. The analysis of the modern methodological base gives us the chance to offer efficient methods for formation of marketing strategy for enterprise growth. Thus, the purpose of the process of selection and justification of the strategy of marketing-oriented enterprises development is to achieve the competitive advantages which will provide the company with the high profitability and the long-term operation potential in today's market conditions.

Institutional Principles of Building the Fiscal Mechanism for Regulating the Investment Development of the National Economy

The state, influencing the processes of organization of fiscal relations by forming institutions, directs the established fiscal relations, manages the channels and directions of fiscal flows, clarifies the proportions of financial resources distribution and thus regulates the investment development of the economy. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the institutional principles for building a fiscal mechanism, from which depends not only its effective functioning, but also the impact on investment processes in the national economy. In order to substantiate the institutional principles of building a fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy, general and special research methods were used (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, analogy, theoretical generalization, etc.). The historical development of institutional theory is considered in the course of the research. Approaches to the interpretation of the meaning of “institution” concept are defined, their functions and characteristics are outlined. The essence and components of the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy are substantiated. As a result of the research it is proved that the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism is four-level and includes the cognitive level, regulatory level, organizational level, resource-technological level. It is determined that at the present stage of development of Ukraine the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism is formed, but its characteristics do not sufficiently correspond to the features, resources and tasks of regulating the investment development of the national economy.

Public Investment on Irrigation and Poverty Alleviation in Rural Laos

The demand for water is rising rapidly, particularly in agricultural and environmental sectors. This has led to more competition to access limited and scarce water resources. Therefore, choosing an appropriate approach to manage water resources, distribution and allocation, to attain sustainable agriculture is critical for every country worldwide. The most well-known method to preserve or store water and adaptation strategy to climate change is irrigation. This paper wished to understand the impact of irrigation on farmers’ income in Laos, especially from rice, which is the main crop of rural people. The difference in differences (DID) method was employed to estimate the regression results. The DID was estimated by the pooled OLS of the effect on the log of households’ rice farm income and log of households’ total income with household head’s age, education, gender, household size, ethnicity and harvest areas variables pointing out the coefficients of the outcome variables of interest (after treatment) were 0.037 and 0.076 with positive sign but statistically insignificant. The result implies irrigation has no impact on rice products. In other words, irrigation does not increase households’ income. The finding indicates the type of irrigation, the location of the operation headquarters and the management system or governance are crucial factors for explaining the impact of irrigation on the rice products in Laos.

A Study on the Characteristics of Fishery Resources Distribution in Coastal Waters of Yeongil Bay Using Acoustic Survey

In this study, the identification of dominant fish species in the East Sea was conducted using the dB-difference method. The survey was conducted using the two frequencies of 38 and 120 kHz in transect 6 of the southern part of the East Sea. Information on fish species was identified using fishing gear and e-DNA, and the dominant target fish species were selected and analyzed as cod, anchovy, common squid, and herring. The dB-difference range for each fish species was set to −0.86 dB < ∆MVBS 38–120 kHz < 0.82 dB for cod and to the range of 2.66 dB < ∆MVBS 38–120 kHz < 2.84 dB for anchovy. The dB-difference of the common squid was set to −0.36 dB < ∆MVBS 38–120 kHz < 1.25 dB and to the range of 0.88 dB < ∆MVBS 38–120 kHz < 2.28 dB for herring; the fish species were then identified in the echograms. When comparing the results of swimming depths by fish species and previous studies, cod was detected mainly at the bottom of the sea, and anchovy and common squid were detected mainly at a depth of 50 m. Herring was detected to be mainly distributed in water depths from 50 to 150 m.

Tools for Nano-Enabled Agriculture: Fertilizers Based on Calcium Phosphate, Silicon and Chitosan Nanostructures

The Green New Deal requires a profound transformation of the agricultural sector, which will have to become more sustainable and ensure universal access to healthy food. Thus, it will be essential to introduce radical technological innovations. Nanotechnologies have the potential to produce a significant boost to the improvement of the food system. Within this context, in the next years, a strong challenge will need to be faced regarding developing new and more efficient uses of nutrients in agriculture, being the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) paramount in sustaining high crop productivity without depleting biodiversity, and altering both the natural and agricultural systems. Nutrients leaching causes environmental pollution and water eutrophication, while nutrient excess favors pest and weed widespread. Therefore, it will be mandatory to improve plant nutrition efficiency without affecting agricultural productivity and economic sustainability. A promising alternative consists of the introduction of the so-called nanomaterial enhanced fertilizers and plant growth stimulators. Such innovation includes nanotechnological solutions that can improve nutrient delivery for a more finely tuned, accurate, and saving-resources distribution of nutrients. This review provides a critical view of the latest advances in nanofertilizer research, mainly referring to nano-hydroxyapatite, silica nanoparticles, and chitosan-derived nanostructures.

Utopia e distopia da ecologia política, meio ambiente e justiça ambiental

Resumo Ao longo dos anos, a Geografia demonstra grande preocupação com a relação inerente entre o homem e a natureza. Não é possível deixar de notar a associação existente entre a degradação ambiental, a desigualdade social e as práticas capitalistas de exploração e esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Tal ligação evoca o conceito de justiça social e seus aspectos, discutidos neste ensaio, o qual considera as relações sociais, de poder, e o meio ambiente, observa a possibilidade de equidade na distribuição de recursos, e compreende a perspectiva que conecta a desigualdade ambiental à desigualdade social. Palavras-chave: Ecologia política. Meio ambiente. Justiça ambiental. Abstract Over the years, Geography has shown great concern upon the inherent relationship between man and nature. One cannot fail to notice the relationship between environmental degradation, social inequality, and capitalist practices of exploitation and depletion of natural resources. Such association evokes the social justice concept and its aspects, discussed in this essay, which considers social and power relations and the environment, observes equity possibility in resources distribution, and understands the perspective that connects environmental inequality to social inequality. Keywords: Political Ecology. Environment. Environmental Justice. Resumen A lo largo de los años, la Geografía ha demostrado gran preocupación por la relación inherente entre el hombre y la naturaleza. No es posible dejar de percibir la asociación entre la degradación del ambiente, la desigualdad social y las prácticas capitalistas de explotación y agotamiento de los recursos naturales. Tal vínculo evoca el concepto de justicia social y sus aspectos, discutidos en este ensayo, que considera las relaciones sociales de poder y el medioambiente, observa la posibilidad de equidad en la distribución de recursos y comprende la perspectiva que conecta la desigualdad ambiental a la desigualdad social. Palabras-clave: Ecología política. Medioambiente. Justicia ambiental.