scholarly journals Can Malaysia’s National Affordable Housing Policy Guarantee Housing Affordability of Low-Income Households?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8841
Author(s):  
Jian Liu ◽  
Huay Ying Ong
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Compliance Cost ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Households

Housing affordability is a long-held issue in Malaysia, and housing policies have been implemented for low-income households over the years. However, there is a contradiction that housing affordability of low-income households has not been met, while the bulk of affordable housing is still vacant. In 2019, Malaysia enacted the National Affordable Housing Policy (DRMM) which was intended to improve housing affordability for low-income groups. This paper aims to answer why Malaysia’s long-term implementation of affordable housing policies cannot guarantee housing affordability, and whether the DRMM can effectively improve housing affordability as expected, by comparing the empirical factors of housing affordability. A literature review and a comparative analysis are adopted in the research. The paper concludes that low household income, high land price, construction cost and compliance cost, mismatch of supply and demand in terms of quantity, the instability of the national economy, low home financing ability, and incomprehensive housing planning have caused low housing affordability of low-income groups in Malaysia. The DRMM as anticipated can improve housing affordability by supplying affordable housing more precisely, lowering housing costs, and improving home financing ability. However, the exclusion of household income and economic factors may cause the ineffectiveness of the DRMM in improving housing affordability for low-income households.

Measuring homeownership affordability in emergent market context: an exploratory analysis for Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yener Coskun
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Study Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Purpose This paper aims to offer an extensive empirical case study analysis by investigating housing affordability in Turkey as a whole, and in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir over the period of 2006 and 2017 and its sub-periods. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a theoretically informed model to assess affordability using complementary methodologies in quantitative analysis. This study seeks to help outline the nature of the problem in aggregate level and in the cities; it also seeks to offer lessons about how to address measurement and modelling challenges in emergent market contexts by constructing aggregate-/city-level housing cost-to-income (HCI) ratio, adjusted HCI (AHCI) ratio, housing affordability index (HAI) and effective HAI sensitive to multiple calculation methodologies and alternative data set involving income distribution and poverty tranches. Findings HCI, AHCI, HAI and EHAI models generally suggest the parallel results: housing is not affordable in Turkey and in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir except for the highest income groups. The evidence implies that besides macroeconomic instabilities, distorted interest rates and short average mortgage maturity, poverty and unequal income/wealth distributions are the main reasons of the Turkish housing affordability crisis specifically heightened in metropolitan areas such as in Istanbul. Research limitations/implications The evidence provides an insight on housing affordability problems in Turkey. However, small sample size and short observation period create a limit for generalisation of the findings. Further analysis would be required to illustrate how housing affordability changes in different cities of Turkey in a longer period. Practical implications By using empirical approaches, this paper helps to understand how serious housing affordability problems of Turkey in aggregate and urban levels. This evidence helps to explain declining ownership ratio in low-income groups and in urban areas. Reliable explanations on existing housing crisis of Turkey also help to develop affordable housing policies. Social implications Declining housing affordability and homeownership ratio may translate as the rising housing inequality and insecurity among Turkish households. Moreover, better affordability values of higher income groups suggest that existing inequality, economic/social segmentation, and hence social tension between high and low income groups, may further increase. In this respect, the authors suggest socially important policies such as reducing income/wealth inequalities and increasing affordable housing supply. Originality/value This study offers a detailed empirical case study analysis that can be used as an exemplar of how to overcome data constraints in other evolving housing market contexts. This study sets out an approach overcoming the challenges of measurement. This study also combines existing methodological approaches with the modified variables to provide a more realistic aggregate-/urban-level housing affordability picture. The authors calculated some parts of housing affordability ratio and index series using discretionary income, minimum wage and effective minimum wage to show the variations of different measurement approaches. Some constructed series are also sensitive to income distribution and poverty thresholds. Collectively, this empirical approach, developed by using emerging market data, provides a contribution to the literature.

Association between Household Income and Allergy Development in Children: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Reiji Kojima ◽  
Ryoji Shinohara ◽  
Megumi Kushima ◽  
Sayaka Horiuchi ◽  
Sanae Otawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Income Groups

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Socioeconomic status has been found to be associated with allergic diseases in children, but results are inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the association between household income and the development of allergic disease in children at 3 years old. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We used data from 72,180 participants from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, which is a prospective birth cohort study with participants recruited from January 2011 to March 2014. We examined the associations between household income and allergic diseases (asthma, eczema, and food allergies) in children, adjusting for covariates using multivariate logistic regression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The percentages of doctor-diagnosed allergies at 3 years old were 7.5% for asthma, 7.2% for eczema, and 6.2% for food allergies. Children from households with an annual income of &#x3c;2 million yen (approx. 18,000 USD) had a significantly higher risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma and eczema than those from households with an income of 4–6 million yen. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.34) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.06–1.39). Children from households with an income of &#x3e;6 million yen tended to have an increased risk of food allergies (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.98–1.15). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Low household income was a risk for doctor-diagnosed asthma and eczema, suggesting that public health professionals should recognize low-income groups as vulnerable populations for these conditions.

Housing policy in the austerity age and beyond

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Stephens ◽  
Adam Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Uk

This chapter charts the radical reorientation of housing policy in the UK that was set in motion by the coalition government elected in 2010 and accelerated by the majority Conservative government elected in 2015. There is a strong tendency to favour home-ownership and worsening financial and regulative conditions for those who are not (yet) capable of buying a home. A variety of financial measures has increased the costs of housing for low incomes, whereas safety measures to protect these groups gradually have been abolished. Moreover, legal reforms with regard to tenure security for new tenants have even further worsened the position of low-income newcomers on the housing market. To conclude: the British housing policy redistributes rights away from low-income groups in favour of other groups.

scholarly journals Canadian Housing "Policy" in Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Bacher
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Federal Housing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Private Investors

This paper provides an overview of the history of Canadian housing policy, reviewing the origins of both the programs which were implemented as well as the options which were defeated. Canada's approach to housing policy is also compared to the manner in which other prosperous western democratic states have approached their housing problems. The paper finds that one of the ironies of Canadian housing policy is that homeownership assistance programs for middle income groups and subsidies for private investors have continually emerged in the midst of political demands for publicly subsidized rental housing for low income groups. The Canadian government's rigid commitment to an assisted market approach is exceptional in comparison with other western states. Starting in the 1930s a unity between government and business emerged while a wide gulf remained between federal housing officials and advocates of social housing. The paper argues that this tilt in Canadian housing policy in favour of those Canadians who are least in need of government assistance in securing decent accommodation is no accident, but reflective of the marketplace ethos that has shaped all federal housing efforts.

scholarly journals Consumer Characteristics and Preferences of Rice Attributes Based on the Income Levels in Palembang

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
. Yunita ◽  
. Lifianthi ◽  
Muhammad Arbi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rice Cake ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Head Rice ◽  
Low Income Groups

The study was conducted on 150 respondents living in Palembang city that were randomly selected based on the assumptions of community groups that have high income groups (50 respondents), medium income groups (50 respondents), and low income groups (50 respondents). The purpose of the study is to describe the characteristics of consumers and analyze consumer preferences for rice attributes based on the level of household income in Palembang city. This showed that the characteristics of households from the three level groups, both from the high, medium, and low income groups are very diverse which can influence the decision to choose and buy rice to be consumed. Rice attributes include the level of rice extinction, rice retention, taste of rice, aromatic, type of rice, volume of development, head rice, broken grains, grain groats, lime grains, and color. Household consumer preferences based on the importance level of rice attributes for the very important category most selected in the high and medium income groups are the quality before the rice becomes rice, while the low income group is a resilience factor in rice. Household consumer preferences based on the level of preference for the attribute of rice for the category of very like the most chosen in the high income group is the taste of rice, for the medium income group is rice cake and the low income group is rice and head rice.

scholarly journals Public Sector Versus Civil Society: An Approach to Affordable Housing Development in Thailand

MANUSYA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Chaweewan Denpaiboon ◽  
Vimolsiddhi Horayangkura ◽  
Mitsuo Takada
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

This article focuses on the identification and illustration of the shift in low income housing policy and implementation in Thailand. Housing is one of the major sectors of national development; it plays a vital role in a developing country. Policy and housing mechanisms have witnessed major shifts toward affordable housing since 1973, mainly implemented by the public sector. This article is concerned with the decentralization of the governmental role in providing shelters for low income groups to the present-day civil society activity in the creation of affordable housing. The role of civic social innovation in urban development was a result of key social structure changes to strengthen a community based on social capital. An affordable house is not a spatial organization but rather a reflection of social movement planning. The objectives of the study were (1) To analyze a comparative study between public sector and civic society approaches to affordable housing development by NHA and CODI; (2) To analyze the lesson learnt from development projects by government and civil society, using a thorough analysis of the process of participatory subsidies; (3) To identify the government policy and civic society by NHA and CODI effects on urban development processes in Bangkok Metropolitan Areas. This could help NHA to identify any necessary changes to policies to encourage low income housing development; and (4) To recommend a policy of affordable housing developments for the low income group. The research method comprised a field-base case study using observation, interviews, and questionnaires, which was conducted among a random selection sample of 200 households in Baan Eua Ah-torn Project and Baan Man Kong Project. These findings provide a policy framework that brings together three concepts. First, a policy of providing for low income groups alone is not effective in the development of housing projects; it should mix income groups for sustainable housing development. Second, Baan Man Kong Project places more emphasis on the process and continuity of development than Baan Eua Ah-torn projects. Third, both projects will support the housing shortage. In the final section, conclusions are drawn about social innovation in governmental policy, focusing on empowering experiments with decentralization and governmental democracy accessible to civil society and its interests.

scholarly journals Urban Segregation and Socio-Spatial Interactions: A Configurational Approach

Urban Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luisa Maffini ◽  
Clarice Maraschin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Configurational Approach ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Inherent Feature ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Configurational Model

Urban segregation is an inherent feature of cities and becomes a problem when excluding or hindering certain groups from accessing services, activities and spaces. In Brazil, segregation by social class is dominant in the structure of cities and public policies rarely address urban configuration as part of the segregation problem. This work addresses segregation with a shift in emphasis from traditional housing segregation to segregation as the restraint of socio-spatial interactions, thus including other facets of the phenomenon that have not yet been properly explored and seeking new spatially relevant metrics. This paper aims to present a methodology of segregation analysis based on configurational models and develop an empirical application in a Brazilian city. Representing the probabilities of interaction between different socio-economic groups in public spaces, a configurational model was used, addressing retail-residence spatial relationship. The attributes of population size, household income and number of retail establishments were considered. The results allowed identifying the probabilistic residence-retail trajectories for high and low income groups, providing a first measure of spatial segregation. The conclusions seek to highlight the importance of configurational approaches for segregation studies, as well as to show potentialities and limits of this methodology.

A Review of Housing and Food Intersections: Implications for Nurses and Nursing Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Lindsey Vold ◽  
Meghan Lynch ◽  
Wanda Martin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Healthy Housing ◽  
The Relationship

Study Background Quality, accessibility, and affordability of housing and food are public health and nursing concerns. Yet, intersections between housing and food security are relatively understudied. Purpose The purpose of this article is to examine the evidence describing the relationship between food security and housing interventions, and second, describing specific opportunities for targeted strategies for nursing practice and research. Methods Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review method was followed to search housing and food security research. A database search identified 46 studies that were mapped onto a social ecological theory to understand the micro, meso, exo, and macro interventions. Results Three major recommendations were identified. Micro-system recommendations include primary care screening for low-income groups. Meso- and exo-system recommendations focus on creating partnerships in research and enhancing social housing. Lastly, macro-system recommendations focus on challenging housing affordability standards. The major gap in the literature is addressing healthy housing. Conclusion Broadening housing interventions to include comprehensive approaches to meeting individuals’ needs offers more than simply packaging two interventions together. There is a significant moment in nursing in which nurses are witness to a paradigmatic shift in the ways to approach housing and food security.

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