scholarly journals Synthesis of Biodiesel from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Lawer-Yolar ◽  
Benjamin Dawson-Andoh ◽  
Emmanuel Atta-Obeng

This study compared the yield of biodiesel produced from tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) via (i) homogeneous catalyst (sulfuric acid) and (ii) a heterogeneous catalyst (Amberlyst® BD20, together with Ambersep BD 19 (Midcontinental Chemical Co., Olathe, KS, USA)® using a batch reactor. The effect of operation conditions including temperature, catalyst concentration, methanol: oil ratio and reaction time on esterification yield were investigated. Gas chromatographic data showed that the major fatty acids present in the TOFA are oleic acid (C18:1n9) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6). Homogenous catalysis yielded 96.76% biodiesel compared to 90.24% for heterogeneous catalysis. Optimized conditions for homogenous catalysis were at a catalyst concentration of 0.5 w/w%, 15:1 methanol: oil mass ratio at 55 °C for 60 min. FTIR results also showed that the homogeneous catalyst yielded a more complete reaction toward biodiesel production in a shorter time (60 min) compared to the heterogeneous catalyst (4.7 h). For heterogeneous catalysis, the highest yield and the lowest acid value were achieved after a second recycling because the reactants were not fully in contact with the catalyst during the first recycling. The catalyst did not show a reduction in catalytic activity even after the fourth recycling. However, the acid value was higher than that for ASTM standards for biodiesel.

2016 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Fei Ling Pua ◽  
Kah Thong Looi ◽  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Sharifah Nabihah

In recent years, attention has been drawn to produce heterogeneous catalyst to replace homogeneous catalyst in biodiesel industry. This study was focused on the synthesis of three different types of alginate based heterogeneous catalyst (Ferric-alginate, Copper-alginate, and Nickel alginate) and the effect of the catalyst on esterification of oleic acid. Morphology and elemental analysis was conducted to investigate the properties of the catalyst. The new heterogeneous catalysts were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid at reaction temperature of 60°C and 2 hours reaction time. Fe-alginate has achieved the highest free fatty acids (FFAs) conversation rate of 82.03%. The results and findings proved that transition metal-alginate heterogeneous catalyst has the potential and ability to esterify the free fatty acids prior biodiesel production from high free fatty acids feedstock.


Respuestas ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael E. Rangel ◽  
M. Judith Percino ◽  
Edwin A. Murillo

 Antecedentes: Las resinas alquídicas altamente ramificadas,usualmente han sido obtenidas a partir de poliésteres polioles altamente ramificados (HBP) de segunda, tercera y cuarta generación. Objetivo: En este estudio se evaluó la influencia de la proporción de TOFA en las propiedades estructurales, térmicas, reológicas y de película de unas resinas alquídicas altamente ramificadas (NRA). Metodología: Para obtener las NRA, las respectivas cantidades de un HBP de primera generación (HBP1G), ácidos grasos de tall oil (TOFA) y de ácido p-toluensulfónico (0.1 %), fueron llevadas al reactor. La temperatura fue mantenida a 200°C. El sistema se mantuvo bajo agitación mecánica (200 rpm) y la conversión de la reacción fue evaluada por mediciones de valor ácido (VA). Las relaciones molares de HBP1G: TOFA, fueron las siguientes: 1:3 (NRA1), 1:4 (NRA2), 1:5 (NRA3) y 1:6 (NRA4). Resultados: El VA de las NRA fue inferior al de TOFA, el valor hidroxilo (VOH) fue inferior al del HBP1G. Esto indica que se llevó a cabo la reacción de esterificación entre TOFA y el HBP1G. La conversión de la reacción para obtener las NRA fue superior al 90 %. Por análisis de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) fue evidenciada la señal de los protones metilenos unidos a grupos OH del HBP1G y disminuyó su intensidad en la NRA1, debido a la reacción entre el HBP1G y TOFA. Las dimensiones hidrodinámicas de las NRA1, NRA2 y NRA3 fueron nanométricas. Las propiedades de película fueron buenas. Conclusión: Las NRA presentaron baja viscosidad. Además, todas exhibieron grupos OH y dobles enlaces, los cuales permite que estos materiales sean empleados para obtener materiales híbridos y como agentes entrecruzantes. Las NRA presentaron buenas propiedades de película.Palabras clave:  Ácidos grasos de tall oil, poliéster poliol altamente ramificado, propiedades, resinas alquídicas. AbstractBackground: Hyperbranched alkyd resins have usually been obtained from hyperbranched polyester polyols (HBP) of second, third and fourth generations. Objectives: In this work the influence of the proportion of TOFA on the structural, thermal, and rheological and films properties of hyperbranched alkyd resins (NRA) were evaluated. Methodology: In order to obtain the NRA, the respective amount of HBP of fifth generation (HBP1G), tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (0.1wt%), were taken to the reactor. The temperature was kept at 200 °C. The system was kept under mechanical stirring (200 rpm) and the conversion of the reaction was evaluated by measurement of acid value (VA). The molar ratios of HBP:TOFA were as follows; 1:3 (NRA1), 1:4 (NRA2), 1:5 (NRA3) y 1:6 (NRA4). Results: VA of the NRA was lower than that of TOFA, the hydroxyl value (VOH) was minor compared to that of HBP1G. This is an indication that the esterification reaction between TOFA and HBP1G was carried out. The reaction conversion for obtaining the conversion to NRA was higher than 90 %. By nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, the signals of the methylene protons joined to OH groups of the HBP1G were evidenced and decreased in their intensity in the NRA1, due to the reaction between HBP1G and TOFA. The hydrodynamic dimensions of the NRA1, NRA2 and NRA3 were nanometrics. Conclusions: The NRA presented the lowest viscosity. Furthermore all NRA, exhibited OH groups and double bonds, which allow that these materials be employed for obtaining hybrid materials and also as crosslinking agents. The NRA showed good film properties.Keywords:  tall oil fatty acids, hyperbranched polyester polyol, properties, alkyd resins. ResumoAntecedentes: (foram obtidas) As resinas alquídicas altamente ramificadas foram usualmente obtidas (construção inglesa) de poliésteres poliol altamente ramificados (HBP) de segunda, terceira e quarta geração. Objetivo: Neste estudo foi avaliada a influência da proporção de TOFA nas propriedades estruturais, térmicas, reológicas e de filmes de resinas alquídicas altamente ramificadas (ARN). Metodologia: Para obter a ARN, as quantidades respectivas de uma primeira gera�o de HBP (HBP1G), �idos gordos de tall oil (TOFA) e �ido p-toluenossulf�ico (0,1%) foram levadas para o reactor. A temperatura foi mantida a 200 ° C. O sistema foi mantido sob agitação mecânica (200 rpm) e a conversão da reação foi avaliada por medidas do valor ácido (VA). As proporções molares de HBP1G: TOFA foram as seguintes: 1: 3 (NRA1), 1: 4 (NRA2), 1: 5 (NRA3) e 1: 6 (NRA4). Resultados: VA ARN TOFA foi menor do que o valor de hidroxilo (OHV) foi menor do que HBP1G.Esto indica que realizada a reaco de esterificao entre o TOFA e HBP1G. A conversão da reação para obter a ARN foi maior que 90%. Por análise de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), evidenciou-se o sinal dos prótons de metileno ligados aos grupos OH de HBP1Gy e sua intensidade diminuiu em NRA1, devido à reação entre HBP1G e TOFA. As dimensões hidrodinâmicas do NRA1, NRA2 e NRA3 foram nanométricas. As propriedades do filme eram boas. Conclusão: A NRA apresentou baixa viscosidade. Além disso, todos exibiram grupos OH e ligações duplas, o que permite que estes materiais sejam utilizados para obter materiais híbridos e como agentes de reticulação. As NRAs mostraram boas propriedades de filme.Palavras-chave:  Ácidos grasos de tall oil, poliéster poliol altamente ramificado, propiedades, resinas alquídicas.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
S. N. Rabelo ◽  
L. S. Oliveira ◽  
A. S. França

Biodiesel was successful produced in a microwave irradiation reactor using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The biodiesel was production by the trasesterification reaction of soybean oil using metanol. Sodium methylate (30% solution in metanol) was used for the homogeneous catalyst and the heterogeneous catalyst was developed using wasted eggshells. The eggshells were calcined and tested pure and doped with potassium hydroxide in 10, 30 and 50% of weight. The power and temperature of the microwave were kept constant in every reaction being 800W and 200º Celsius, respectively. The reaction time was significantly reduced using microwave compared to the conventional process. In only one minute of reaction, the methyl ester (FAME) conversion obtained was 98.9% with the homogeneous catalyst and within 15 minutes, the heterogeneous catalysis accomplished 100%. For heterogeneous catalyst, the best results were acquired when the doped catalyst contained 50% of KOH. The results indicated that the eggshells treated with KOH has a great potential to be used for microwave-assisted transesterification reactions of oils with mild operations conditions: molar ratio oil/alcochol 1:6 and just 5% of catalyst. In addition, the heterogenous catalyst was recovered and reused in other reactions with a relatively satisfying results. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimectric analysis.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijittra Wongjaikham ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Vareeporn Ratnitsai ◽  
Manita Kamjam ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
...  

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil cost and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1,200 W high efficiency fruit blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2,000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62 - 63oC, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for palm oil) and 19.39 ´ 10-4 g.J-1 (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household fruit blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.


Author(s):  
Edgars Vanags ◽  
Mikelis Kirpluks ◽  
Ugis Cabulis ◽  
Zuzana Walterova

2019 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikelis Kirpluks ◽  
Edgars Vanags ◽  
Arnis Abolins ◽  
Anda Fridrihsone ◽  
Ugis Cabulis

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