scholarly journals Fullerol C60(OH)24 Nanoparticles Affect Secondary Metabolite Profile of Important Foodborne Mycotoxigenic Fungi In Vitro

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tihomir Kovač ◽  
Bojan Šarkanj ◽  
Ivana Borišev ◽  
Aleksandar Djordjevic ◽  
Danica Jović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fungal Genus ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Despite the efforts to control mycotoxin contamination worldwide, extensive contamination has been reported to occur in food and feed. The contamination is even more intense due to climate changes and different stressors. This study examined the impact of fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) (at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng mL−1) on the secondary metabolite profile of the most relevant foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria and Penicillium, during growth in vitro. Fungi were grown in liquid RPMI 1640 media for 72 h at 29 °C, and metabolites were investigated by the LC-MS/MS dilute and shoot multimycotoxin method. Exposure to FNP showed great potential in decreasing the concentrations of 35 secondary metabolites; the decreases were dependent on FNP concentration and fungal genus. These results are a relevant guide for future examination of fungi-FNP interactions in environmental conditions. The aim is to establish the exact mechanism of FNP action and determine the impact such interactions have on food and feed safety.

scholarly journals Food and feed safety: Cases and approaches to identify the responsible toxins and toxicants

Food Control ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen Gerssen ◽  
Toine H.F. Bovee ◽  
Leendert A. van Ginkel ◽  
Marlou L.P.S. van Iersel ◽  
Ron L.A.P. Hoogenboom
Keyword(s):  
Food And Feed ◽  
Safety Cases ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Reference on Mycotoxins Occurrence, Prevalence, and Risk Assessment in Food Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 294-343
Author(s):  
Griffiths Atungulu ◽  
Zeinab Mohammadi-Shad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Mycotoxins are a group of naturally occurring toxins that are produced by different filamentous fungi genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, etc. The word mycotoxin literally is derived from Greek word “myke” meaning fungus and “toxicum” meaning toxin. These contaminants can develop on different food and feed commodities during different stages including pre-harvest, harvest, and storage. Mycotoxins are of concern because their outbreak result in animal and human diseases and economic losses. It has been estimated that global post-harvest losses are approximately at 50%. Human exposure to mycotoxins is typically through consumption of contaminated agricultural products or indirectly by consumption of animal products containing mycotoxins or their metabolites. The chapter provides the latest information on mycotoxin issues and challenges related to food and feed safety.

scholarly journals An In Silico Target Fishing Approach to Identify Novel Ochratoxin A Hydrolyzing Enzyme

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Dellafiora ◽  
Christoph Gonaus ◽  
Barbara Streit ◽  
Gianni Galaverna ◽  
Wulf-Dieter Moll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Enzymatic Assays ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Hydrolyzing Enzymes ◽  
Feed Safety

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin that is of utmost concern in food and feed safety, is produced by fungal species that mainly belong to the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The development of mitigation strategies to reduce OTA content along the supply chains is key to ensuring safer production of food and feed. Enzyme-based strategies are among the most promising methods due to their specificity, efficacy, and multi-situ applicability. In particular, some enzymes are already known for hydrolyzing OTA into ochratoxin alpha (OTα) and phenylalanine (Phe), eventually resulting in detoxification action. Therefore, the discovery of novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes, along with the advancement of an innovative approach for their identification, could provide a broader basis to develop more effective mitigating strategies in the future. In the present study, a hybrid in silico/in vitro workflow coupling virtual screening with enzymatic assays was applied in order to identify novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes. Among the various hits, porcine carboxypeptidase B was identified for the first time as an effective OTA hydrolyzing enzyme. The successful experimental endorsement of findings of the workflow confirms that the presented strategy is suitable for identifying novel OTA hydrolyzing enzymes, and it might be relevant for the discovery of other mycotoxin- mitigating enzymes.

Application of food and feed safety assessment principles to evaluate transgenic approaches to gene modulation in crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1773-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Parrott ◽  
Bruce Chassy ◽  
Jim Ligon ◽  
Linda Meyer ◽  
Jay Petrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Gene Modulation ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

scholarly journals Food and feed safety of DAS-444Ø6-6 herbicide-tolerant soybean

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod A. Herman ◽  
Ricardo D. Ekmay ◽  
Barry W. Schafer ◽  
Ping Song ◽  
Brandon J. Fast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Tolerant ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

scholarly journals Commercial Biocontrol Agents Reveal Contrasting Comportments Against Two Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Cereals: Fusarium Graminearum and Fusarium Verticillioides

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Pellan ◽  
Noël Durand ◽  
Véronique Martinez ◽  
Angélique Fontana ◽  
Sabine Schorr-Galindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of commercialized biological control agents (BCAs) against two major mycotoxigenic fungi in cereals, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, which are trichothecene and fumonisin producers, respectively. With these objectives in mind, three commercial BCAs were selected with contrasting uses and microorganism types (T. asperellum, S. griseoviridis, P. oligandrum) and a culture medium was identified to develop an optimized dual culture bioassay method. Their comportment was examined in dual culture bioassay in vitro with both fusaria to determine growth and mycotoxin production kinetics. Antagonist activity and variable levels or patterns of mycotoxinogenesis inhibition were observed depending on the microorganism type of BCA or on the culture conditions (e.g., different nutritional sources), suggesting that contrasting biocontrol mechanisms are involved. S. griseoviridis leads to a growth inhibition zone where the pathogen mycelium structure is altered, suggesting the diffusion of antimicrobial compounds. In contrast, T. asperellum and P. oligandrum are able to grow faster than the pathogen. T. asperellum showed the capacity to degrade pathogenic mycelia, involving chitinolytic activities. In dual culture bioassay with F. graminearum, this BCA reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 48% and 72%, respectively, and by 78% and 72% in dual culture bioassay against F. verticillioides. P. oligandrum progressed over the pathogen colony, suggesting a close type of interaction such as mycoparasitism, as confirmed by microscopic observation. In dual culture bioassay with F. graminearum, P. oligandrum reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 79% and 93%, respectively. In the dual culture bioassay with F. verticillioides, P. oligandrum reduced the growth and mycotoxin concentration by 49% and 56%, respectively. In vitro dual culture bioassay with different culture media as well as the nutritional phenotyping of different microorganisms made it possible to explore the path of nutritional competition in order to explain part of the observed inhibition by BCAs.

scholarly journals Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
M. Gilbert ◽  
J.W. Cary ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

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