scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Tamara Rodríguez-Cabo ◽  
Ángeles Moroño ◽  
Fabiola Arévalo ◽  
Jorge Correa ◽  
Juan Pablo Lamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basque Country ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
First Time ◽  
Psp Toxins

In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r2 = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus Alexandrium was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that A. ostenfeldii could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of Alexandrium species cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Immunoassay Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1649-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald Usleber ◽  
Richard Dietrich ◽  
Christine Bürk ◽  
Elisabeth Schneider ◽  
Erwin Märtlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins ◽  
Immunochemical Techniques

Abstract The current status of immunochemical techniques for analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins is summarized. Important aspects regarding production of the biological reagents necessary for immunochemical methods, the characteristics of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, and the importance of test sensitivity and specificity are discussed. Applications of immunochemical techniques for PSP toxins include microtiter plate enzyme immunoasays and enzyme-linked immunofiltration assays for toxin detection, and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for sample extract cleanup. A major advantage of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is simplicity and rapidity of the test procedure, and higher sensitivity than other methods. However, quantitative agreement between EIA and mouse bioassay is dependent on antibody specificity and the toxin profile in the shellfish; thus, both over- and underestimation of total toxicity may occur. For screening purposes, however, EIAs offer major advantages over the mouse bioassay, which is criticized in Europe because of animal welfare. A major application of antibodies against PSP toxins is their use for extract cleanup by IAC, which gives highly purified extracts, thereby enhancing determination of PSP toxins by conventional physicochemical methods such as liquid chromatography. IAC can also be used to isolate PSP toxins for preparation of analytical standard solutions.

scholarly journals Assessment of MIST Alert™, a Commercial Qualitative Assay for Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona H Mackintosh ◽  
Susan Gallacher ◽  
Aileen M Shanks ◽  
Elizabeth A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract A recently developed commercial rapid test kit (MIST Alert™) was assessed for determination of the presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish. Several commercially important shellfish species obtained from the UK shellfish toxin monitoring program, containing a range of total PSP toxicities as determined by the mouse bioassay (MBA), were tested. The kit detected toxin in all samples containing the European Community tolerance level of 80 μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents/100 g shellfish flesh as determined by the MBA. With one exception, the kit detected toxin in all samples that contained >40 μg STX equivalents/100 g according to the MBA. Among samples in which the MBA did not detect toxin, the kit disagreed in 25% of the tests, although further analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and MBA of some samples confirmed the presence of toxins. These results suggest that MIST Alert may be suitable as an initial screen for PSP toxins as part of routine monitoring programs, thereby greatly reducing the number of MBAs. Trials were also performed by nonscientific personnel to evaluate the ease of use and interpretation of results obtained by MIST Alert. The results indicated that the kits could be readily used and accurately interpreted by individuals with no technical or scientific background.

scholarly journals Refinement and Extension of AOAC Method 2005.06 to Include Additional Toxins in Mussels: Single-Laboratory Validation

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Turner ◽  
Deirdre M Norton ◽  
Robert G Hatfield ◽  
Steven Morris ◽  
Allan R Reese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Official Control ◽  
Single Laboratory ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract A single-laboratory validation study was undertaken for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in common mussels, extending AOAC Official Method 2005.06 to include the additional toxins dcNEO and dcGTX2,3. The method was refined to improve toxin oxidation product stability, analytical sensitivity of N-hydroxylated toxins, and throughput. Validation was performed to characterize the method for selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, repeatability, recovery, ruggedness, and uncertainty. Parallel testing of naturally contaminated mussels enabled comparison of sample toxicities obtained using mouse bioassay (MBA) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methodologies. Performance characteristics of the method are reported for all commercially available certified reference toxins. Results from the MBA and HPLC methods were well correlated, and the analytical method has been instigated as the sole monitoring tool for UK official control surveillance of PSP toxins in common mussels.

Application of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Adsorbent Detoxification of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins from Chlamys nobilis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 1798-1803
Author(s):  
Song Shan Zhang ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Qing Peng Li ◽  
Yi Ming Ha
Keyword(s):  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Content ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Psp Toxins

This study investigates the effectiveness of adding carboxymethyl chitosan during steam cooking as an adsorbent for detoxifying paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP toxins) in the scallop Chlamys nobilis. Toxin analysis using a mouse bioassay test and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method (LC–MS) showed that most of the PSP toxins (>80%) were contained in the visceral compartment of the raw scallops. Overall, 82.2Mu/100g of PSP toxins were released from scallop tissues during steaming. The toxicity of the soup steamed with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.0% and 1.5% carboxymethyl chitosan decreased the toxin content by 35.6%, 44%, 48.4%, 53.3% and 56.9% (p<0.005), respectively. The relative PSP toxin content in the raw adductor muscle was comparable to those after steaming or steaming with carboxymethyl chitosan (p > 0.05).The PSP toxin concentrations in the adductor muscles, gills + mantle and visceral compartments steamed with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1% and 1.5% carboxymethyl chitosan were not significantly different from those in the corresponding raw samples. The LC–MS analysis showed that the adsorbance of carboxymethyl chitosan for each of the PSP toxins was positive correlation with concentration, although the uptake efficiency of each toxin was different. The reduction in toxin content of all analyzed toxins reached 45.6%, 30.2%, 44.5%, 55.9% and 37.6% under the corresponding carboxymethyl chitosan concentrationsis.

Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST Alert™, a new rapid test, in parallel with the regulatory AOAC® mouse bioassay

Toxicon ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1407-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne F Jellett ◽  
Raymond L Roberts ◽  
Maurice V Laycock ◽  
Michael A Quilliam ◽  
Richard E Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Test ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins

Assessment of a Semiquantitative Liquid Chromatography- Fluorescence Detection Method for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Levels in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D Turner ◽  
Monika Dhanji-Rapkova ◽  
Clothilde Baker ◽  
Myriam Algoet
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Abstract AOAC Official Method 2005.06 precolumn oxidation LC-fluorescence detection method has been used for many years for the detection and quantitation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in bivalve molluscs. After extensive single- and multiple-laboratory validation, the method has been slowly gaining acceptance worldwide as a useful and practical tool for official control testing. In Great Britain, the method has become routine since 2008, with no requirement since then for reverting back to the bioassay reference method. Although the method has been refined to be semiautomated, faster, and more reproducible, the quantitation step can be complex and time-consuming. An alternative approach was developed to utilize the qualitative screening results for generatinga semiquantitative results assessment. Data obtained over 5 years enabled the comparison of semiquantitative and fully quantitative PSP results in over 15 000 shellfish samples comprising eight different species showed that the semiquantitative approach resulted in over-estimated paralytic shellfish toxin levels by an average factor close to two in comparison with the fully quantified levels. No temporal trends were observed in the data or relating to species type, with the exception of surf clams. The comparison suggested a semiquantitative threshold of 800 μg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg should provide a safe limitfor the determination of samples to be forwarded to full quantitation. However, the decision was taken to halve this limit to include an additional safety factor of 2, resulting in the use of a semiquantitative threshold of 400 μg STX eq/kg. Implementation of the semiquantitative method into routine testing would result in a significant reduction in the numbers of samples requiring quantitation and have a positive impact on the overall turnaround of reported PSP results. The refined method would be appropriate for any monitoring laboratory faced with high throughput requirements.

scholarly journals Akumulasi dan Depurasi Toksin PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) oleh Kerang Hijau (Accumulation and Depuration of PSP Toxin (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) by Green Mussels)

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Haryoto Kusnoputranto ◽  
Setyo S Moersidik ◽  
Djarot S Wisnubroto ◽  
Murdahayu Makmur
Keyword(s):  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Toxin Concentration ◽  
Green Mussel ◽  
Mussel Farming ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
Aoac Official Method

Ledakan mikroalga sering dilaporkan terjadi di Teluk Jakarta, dimana di lokasi tersebut juga terdapat kegiatan budidaya kerang hijau (Perna viridis). Terkait dengan hal tersebut maka dilakukan studi akumulasi dan depurasi toksin PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) pada kerang hijau. Studi akumulasi dilakukan di bagan kerang hijau perairan Cilincing Jakarta Utara, dengan memisahkan kerang hijau yang berukuran sama dan ditempatkan kembali ke bagan. Sampling dilakukan setiap minggu selama 2 bulan dan diukur juga kelimpahan fitoplankton, pH, suhu dan salinitas perairan. Depurasi dilakukan di Unit Depurasi Kekerangan KKP Panimbang Banten, yang dilakukan selama 24 jam. Pencuplikan  sampel dilakukan setiap jam pada 4 jam pertama dan setiap 2 dan 3 jam pada waktu berikutnya. Penentuan konsentrasi toksin PSP dilakukan dengan menggunakan HPLC detektor fluoresensi. Prosedur preparasi, ekstraksi dan pengukuran konsentrasi toksin mengikuti Manual AOAC Official Method 2005.06 untuk toksin PSP dalam kekerangan. Akumulasi toksin PSP oleh kerang hijau di perairan Cilincing pada bulan Januari–Pebruari 2011 berkisar antara 4,11–11,96 µg STX eq. per 100 g dan tidak mempunyai korelasi dengan kelimpahan Dinoflagelata di perairan. Hal ini disebabkan uji akumulasi tidak dilakukan pada saat blooming mikroalga. Uji depurasi selama 24 jam mengeliminasi toksin PSP sebesar 60%, sehingga bisa diajukan sebagai sistem pemutus rantai toksin dari mikroalga ke manusia. Kata kunci: akumulasi, depurasi, PSP toksin, kerang hijau, Cilincing Microalgae blooms have been frequently reported in the Jakarta Bay, which is also the location of green mussel (Perna viridis) aquaculture. Accumulation and depuration of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxin in the green mussels were investigated in the field, where the toxin accumulation studies conducted in the mussel farming at Cilincing, North Jakarta. Accumulation test carried out by placing back the selected green mussel (equal size) into the mussel farming. Every week for 2 months, the green mussel were collected from mussel farming and transported to the laboratory. The fitoplankton abundance also was checked including pH, Suhue and salinitiy paramaters. Toxin depuration was conducted at Clams Sanitation Unit at Panimbang Banten. The depuration studies were conducted for 24 hours with sampling every hour in the first 4 hours and every 3 and 2 hours until the 24th hour. Preparation, extraction and toxin concentration measurements performed by following the Manual AOAC Official Method 2005.06 for PSP toxin in oyster. This research concluded that the accumulation of PSP toxin by green mussel, Perna viridis in the mussel farming at Cilincing, North Jakarta in ranged between 4,11–11,96 µg STX eq. per 100 g during January–February 2011. No correlation between PSP toxin concentration in the green mussel, Perna viridis with abundance of the PSP toxin sources phytoplankton, because the study wasnt done when microalgae blooming. The depuration processes was eliminate 60% the PSP toxins for 24 hours depuration processing. It can be proposes as a banded system the PSP toxin from algae to human being. Keywords: accumulation, depuration, PSP toxin, green mussel, Cilincing

scholarly journals Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Álvarez ◽  
Patricio Díaz ◽  
Marcos Godoy ◽  
Michael Araya ◽  
Iranzu Ganuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Catenella ◽  
Surf Clam ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins

In late February 2016, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella was detected in southern Chiloé, leading to the banning of shellfish harvesting in an extended geographical area (~500 km). On April 24, 2016, this bloom produced a massive beaching (an accumulation on the beach surface of dead or impaired organisms which were drifted ashore) of surf clams Mesodesma donacium in Cucao Bay, Chiloé. To determine the effect of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in M. donacium, samples were taken from Cucao during the third massive beaching detected on May 3, 2016. Whole tissue toxicity evidence a high interindividual variability with values which ranged from 1008 to 8763 μg STX eq 100 g−1 and with a toxin profile dominated by GTX3, GTX1, GTX2, GTX4, and neoSTX. Individuals were dissected into digestive gland (DG), foot (FT), adductor muscle (MU), and other body fractions (OBF), and histopathological and toxin analyses were carried out on the obtained fractions. Some pathological conditions were observed in gill and digestive gland of 40–50% of the individuals that correspond to hemocyte aggregation and haemocytic infiltration, respectively. The most toxic tissue was DG (2221 μg STX eq 100 g−1), followed by OBF (710 μg STX eq 100 g−1), FT (297 μg STX eq 100 g−1), and MU (314 μg STX eq 100 g−1). The observed surf clam mortality seems to have been mainly due to the desiccation caused by the incapability of the clams to burrow. Considering the available information of the monitoring program and taking into account that this episode was the first detected along the open coast of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chiloé, it is very likely that the M. donacium population from Cucao Bay has not had a recurrent exposition to A. catenella and, consequently, that it has not been subjected to high selective pressure for PSP resistance. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of PSP toxins on behavioral and physiological responses, nerve sensitivity, and genetic/molecular basis for the resistance or sensitivity of M. donacium.

Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada — 1980 Annual Summary

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
First Time

Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1980 are compared with those for 1979. A total of 759 incidents, comprising 621 outbreaks and 138 single cases, caused illnesses in 7,122 persons in 1980. Compared with 1979, fewer incidents but more cases occurred. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus caused most illnesses. The main Salmonella serovars involved were S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg and S. enteritidis. Campylobacter and Citrobacter infections were reported for the first time. Seven episodes of paralytic shellfish poisoning occurred, more than twice the number in 1979. There were also 53 incidents and 100 cases of chemical origin; rancid compounds, extraneous matter and metals were the main chemicals involved. Unusual chemical problems included turkey contaminated with calcium chloride brine, antimony deliberately added to a beverage to induce sickness, ammonia-soaked frozen potato puffs, chocolates contaminated with phenol disinfectant and toluene in popcorn twists. There were nine deaths from salmonellosis, paralytic shellfish poisonings and hemolytic uremic syndrome. About 34% of incidents and 51% of cases were associated with meat and poultry. Vegetables, fruits, Chinese food, marine food and bakery products were also vehicles that contributed significantly to foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (41.2% of incidents, 74.3% of cases), homes (15.8% of incidents, 6.0% of cases) and food processing establishments (10.1% of incidents, 8.7% of cases). Food processors were responsible for salmonellosis from turkey rolls (440 cases) and staphylococcal intoxication from cheese curds (62 cases) and many small outbreaks and single cases. Most incidents occurred in Ontario (43.9%) and British Columbia (21.7%), but on a 100,000 population basis, British Columbia recorded more incidents (6.2) than Nova Scotia and Yukon (both 4.5) and Ontario (3.9). Narrative reports of seven foodborne disease incidents are presented. Four incidents of waterborne disease were documented in 1980, the same number as in 1979. All were caused by bacterial agents, with Campylobacter and Salmonella responsible for most cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected the skin of 10 persons in a whirlpool bath.

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