scholarly journals Modelling Ranavirus Transmission in Populations of Common Frogs (Rana temporaria) in the United Kingdom

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L.J. Duffus ◽  
Trenton W.J. Garner ◽  
Richard A. Nichols ◽  
Joshua P. Standridge ◽  
Julia E. Earl
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Amphibian Disease ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Si Model

Ranaviruses began emerging in common frogs (Rana temporaria) in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s and early 1990s, causing severe disease and declines in the populations of these animals. Herein, we explored the transmission dynamics of the ranavirus(es) present in common frog populations, in the context of a simple susceptible-infected (SI) model, using parameters derived from the literature. We explored the effects of disease-induced population decline on the dynamics of the ranavirus. We then extended the model to consider the infection dynamics in populations exposed to both ulcerative and hemorrhagic forms of the ranaviral disease. The preliminary investigation indicated the important interactions between the forms. When the ulcerative form was present in a population and the hemorrhagic form was later introduced, the hemorrhagic form of the disease needed to be highly contagious, to persist. We highlighted the areas where further research and experimental evidence is needed and hope that these models would act as a guide for further research into the amphibian disease dynamics.

scholarly journals Has the European Union empowered the regions? A pre- and post-Brexit preliminary investigation of the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
pp. 096977642097215
Author(s):  
Giada Lagana
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Eu

The literature on the relationship between regions and the European Union (EU) has generated important insights. Firstly, existing scholarship has found that the EU has empowered, as well as disempowered, regions and sub-national governments. Secondly, researchers have convincingly demonstrated how regions have adapted to the EU opportunity structure. Finally, studies exist that have investigated the ways in which regions and sub-national governments have also influenced the EU opportunity structure. These dimensions are rarely brought together to examine the mutual influence and constant interaction of regions and the EU. Accordingly, this article aims to provide a short systematic account of how empowering and disempowering structures and sub-national governments’ endeavours in the United Kingdom (UK) interacted with the European level. It will do so through the Strategic-Relational Approach, showing how regional motivations, processes of devolution, differential opportunities and constraints and strategies of adaptation and transformation are interrelated. The last section will discuss some of the disempowering issues Brexit presents for the UK’s territorial and constitutional future.

scholarly journals Replacement migration, or why everyone is going to have to live in Korea: a fable for our times from the United Nations

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1420) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Care For The Elderly ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mild Reduction ◽  
Workforce Productivity ◽  
Future Population

This paper considers international migration in the context of population ageing. In many Western countries, the search for appropriate responses to manage future population ageing and population decline has directed attention to international migration. It seems reasonable to believe that international migrants, mostly of young working age, can supply population deficits created by low birth rates, protect European society and economy from the economic costs of elderly dependency, and provide a workforce to care for the elderly. Particular prominence has been given to this option through the publicity attendant on a report from the UN Population Division in 2000 on ‘replacement migration’, which has been widely reported and widely misunderstood. Although immigration can prevent population decline, it is already well known that it can only prevent population ageing at unprecedented, unsustainable and increasing levels of inflow, which would generate rapid population growth and eventually displace the original population from its majority position. This paper reviews these arguments in the context of the causes and inevitability of population ageing, with examples mostly based on UK data. It discusses various options available in response to population ageing through workforce, productivity, pensions reform and other means. It concludes that there can be no ‘solution’ to population ageing, which is to a considerable degree unavoidable. However, if the demographic regime of the United Kingdom continues to be relatively benign, future population ageing can be managed with tolerable inconvenience without recourse to increased immigration for ‘demographic’ purposes. At present (2001), net immigration to the United Kingdom is already running at record levels and is now the main engine behind UK population and household growth. By itself, population stabilization, or even mild reduction, is probably to be welcomed in the United Kingdom, although the issue has attracted little attention since the 1970s.

scholarly journals Non-fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever imported into the United Kingdom (ex Bulgaria), June 2014

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lumley ◽  
B Atkinson ◽  
S D Dowall ◽  
J K Pitman ◽  
S Staplehurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cchf Virus ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was diagnosed in a United Kingdom traveller who returned from Bulgaria in June 2014. The patient developed a moderately severe disease including fever, headaches and petechial rash. CCHF was diagnosed following identification of CCHF virus (CCHFV) RNA in a serum sample taken five days after symptom onset. Sequence analysis of the CCHFV genome showed that the virus clusters within the Europe 1 clade, which includes viruses from eastern Europe.

scholarly journals Timing of monoclonal antibody for seasonal RSV prophylaxis in the United Kingdom

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. GODDARD ◽  
M. C. COOKE ◽  
R. K. GUPTA ◽  
J. S. NGUYEN-VAN-TAM
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Acute Bronchitis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Clinical Episode ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection produces more severe disease and increased hospitalization rates in high-risk babies. The monoclonal antibody palivizumab offers protection against complications, and the first of five monthly doses should be administered before the onset of community RSV activity. However, the required real-time prediction of this onset is problematic. We attempted to identify seasonal RSV patterns by retrospectively examining 10 years of laboratory reports for RSV and clinical episode reports for certain respiratory presentations in both primary and secondary care. Analysis of hospital laboratory reports, incidence of acute bronchitis in primary care, and hospital admissions for acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis in young children revealed a consistent increase in RSV activity during week 43 each year. Promptly commencing prophylaxis during the second week of each October (week 42) would precede the onset of the RSV season in the United Kingdom, and provide coverage until its decline in mid-March.

The Latin American Inner City: Differences of Degree or of Kind?

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Ward
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
The United Kingdom

It is often assumed that the globalization of the world economy will drive societies and societal change in a broadly similar direction, leading to convergence in the process of urbanization. The observed diversity between places is the result of the engagement of the macroeconomic process with local social and political structures. Inner-city decline in many older metropolitan centers of the USA and the United Kingdom has occurred through economic restructuring and job loss, with smaller urban centers and amenity-rich areas benefiting concomitantly. Demographic processes have accentuated this decline: most notably suburbanization, counterurbanization, inner-city renewal programs, and urban resettlement to new towns. Since the early 1980s, however, selected inner cities have been the focus of reinvestment, and a return of population through so-called ‘gentrification’. In the United Kingdom, in particular, public policy has played an important role in the reinvigoration of inner cities. The substantial literature on UK and US cities is reviewed insofar as it might shed light on convergent processes in Latin American inner cities. In fact, the evidence suggests little convergence. The demography is different, with relatively low levels of visible population decline; and the economy of the inner city remains vibrant, focusing upon services and small-scale artisan activities, with no corresponding decline in heavy industry. Although large-scale redevelopment projects in and around the downtown were common during the 1940s to the 1960s, the demise of authoritarian and dirigiste-type leaders, 1980s austerity, and a growing democratic base, have imposed severe limitations on the extent of large-scale urban redevelopment and reinvestment. Cultural and aesthetic influences also militate against a demand from the middle-income and upper-income groups to gentrify the inner city; nor is the ‘rent-gap’ sufficient to stimulate private-sector supply of new or refurbished homes a likely option in the city center. Policy prescriptions in Latin America should take account of this divergence and fundamental differences in kind, and should aim to develop existing opportunities and land uses for an incumbent working-class population, rather than seeking to attract new uses and better-off populations into the core.

scholarly journals Respiratory syncytial virus: diagnosis, prevention and management

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 204993611986579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Barr ◽  
Christopher A. Green ◽  
Charles J. Sande ◽  
Simon B. Drysdale
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a large burden of disease globally and can present as a variety of clinical syndromes in children of all ages. Bronchiolitis in infants under 1 year of age is the most common clinical presentation hospitalizing 24.2 per 1000 infants each year in the United Kingdom. RSV has been shown to account for 22% of all episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children globally. RSV hospitalization, that is, RSV severe disease, has also been associated with subsequent chronic respiratory morbidity. Routine viral testing in all children is not currently recommended by the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) or the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidance and management is largely supportive. There is some evidence for the use of ribavirin in severely immunocompromised children. Emphasis is placed on prevention of RSV infection through infection control measures both in hospital and in the community, and the use of the RSV-specific monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, for certain high-risk groups of infants. New RSV antivirals and vaccines are currently in development. Ongoing work is needed to improve the prevention of RSV infection, not only because of the acute morbidity and mortality, but also to reduce the associated chronic respiratory morbidity after severe infection.

scholarly journals Case Report: Early Transcontinental Import of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7) From Europe to Uruguay

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Salazar ◽  
Alicia Costabile ◽  
Ignacio Ferrés ◽  
Paula Perbolianachis ◽  
Marianoel Pereira-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
South America ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
The United Kingdom

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant B.1.1.7 causes a more transmissible and apparently more severe disease. We report its early introduction from Europe to South America from a traveler who arrived in Uruguay from the United Kingdom, even before B.1.1.7 was recognized as a variant of concern. This highlights the risk of introduction of SARS-CoV-2 variants despite strict contingency protocols and underscores the need of improving real-time surveillance worldwide.

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