scholarly journals Method Development for Enteric Virus Recovery from Primary Sludge

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Yarrow S. Linden ◽  
Christine S. Fagnant-Sperati ◽  
Alexandra L. Kossik ◽  
Joanna Ciol Harrison ◽  
Nicola K. Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Beef Extract ◽  
Skimmed Milk ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
High Solids Content

Enteric viruses, such as poliovirus, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis, which causes 2–3 million deaths annually. Environmental surveillance of wastewater supplements clinical surveillance for monitoring enteric virus circulation. However, while many environmental surveillance methods require liquid samples, some at-risk locations utilize pit latrines with waste characterized by high solids content. This study’s objective was to develop and evaluate enteric virus concentration protocols for high solids content samples. Two existing protocols were modified and tested using poliovirus type 1 (PV1) seeded into primary sludge. Method 1 (M1) utilized acid adsorption, followed by 2 or 3 elutions (glycine/sodium chloride and/or threonine/sodium chloride), and skimmed milk flocculation. Method 2 (M2) began with centrifugation. The liquid fraction was filtered through a ViroCap filter and eluted (beef extract/glycine). The solid fraction was eluted (beef extract/disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid) and concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation. Recovery was enumerated by plaque assay. M1 yielded higher PV1 recovery than M2, though this result was not statistically significant (26.1% and 15.9%, respectively). M1 was further optimized, resulting in significantly greater PV1 recovery when compared to the original protocol (p < 0.05). This method can be used to improve understanding of enteric virus presence in communities without liquid waste streams.

Deep Shaft High Rate Aerobic Digestion: Laboratory and Pilot Plant Performance

1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tran ◽  
D. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Aerobic Digestion ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
High Solids Content

Abstract The Deep Shaft process, originating from ICI Ltd. in the U.K., has been further developed by C-I-L Inc., Eco-Technology Division into an extremely energy efficient, high rate biological treatment process for industrial and municipal wastewaters. The Deep Shaft is essentially an air-lift reactor, sunk deep in the ground (100 - 160 m): the resulting high hydrostatic pressure together with very efficient mixing in the shaft provide extremely high oxygen transfer efficiencies (O.T.E.) of up to 90% vs 4 to 20% in other aerators. This high O.T.E. suggests real potential for Deep Shaft technology in the aerobic digestion of sludges and animal wastes: with conventional aerobic digesters an O.T.E. over 8% is extremely difficult to achieve. This paper describes laboratory and pilot plant Deep Shaft aerobic digester (DSAD) studies carried out at Eco-Research's Pointe Claire, Quebec laboratories, and at the Paris, Ontario pilot Deep Shaft digester. An economic pre-evaluation indicated that DSAD had the greatest potential for treating high solids content primary or secondary sludge (3-7% total solids) in the high mesophilic and thermophilic temperature range (25-60°C) i.e. in cases where conventional digesters would experience severe limitations of oxygen transfer. Laboratory and pilot plant studies have accordingly concentrated on high solids content sludge digestion as a function of temperature. Laboratory scale daily draw and fill DSAD runs with a 5% solids sludge at 33°C with a 3 day retention time have achieved 34% volatile solids reduction and a stabilized sludge exhibiting a specific oxygen uptake rate (S.O.U.R.) of less than 1 mgO2/gVSS/hour, measured at 20°C. This digestion rate is about four times faster than the best conventional digesters. Using Eco-Research's Paris, Ontario pilot scale DSAD (a 160 m deep 8 cm diameter u-tube), a 40% reduction in total volatile solids, (or 73% reduction of biodegradable VS) and a final SOUR of 1.2 mg02/gVSS/hour have been achieved for a 4.6% solids sludge in 4 days at 33°C, with loading rates of up to 7.9 kg VSS/m3-day. Laboratory runs at thermophilic temperatures (up to 60°C) have demonstrated that a stabilized sludge (24-41% VSS reduction) can be produced in retention time of 2 days or less, with a resulting loading rate exceeding 10 kg VSS/m3-day.

Polymerization of high-solids-content acrylic latexes using a nonionic polymerizable surfactant

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1552-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Aramendia ◽  
M. J. Barandiaran ◽  
J. Grade ◽  
T. Blease ◽  
J. M. Asua
Keyword(s):  
High Solids ◽  
Polymerizable Surfactant ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Acrylic Latexes ◽  
High Solids Content

Ethanol Production from Food Waste at High Solids Content with Vacuum Recovery Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2760-2766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Huang ◽  
Nasib Qureshi ◽  
Ming-Hsu Chen ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Vijay Singh
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
High Solids Content

A readily filterable magnesium hydroxide with a high solids content

Refractories ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 451-454
Author(s):  
B. A. Shoikhet ◽  
A. Ya. Lyakhova ◽  
L. Ya. Ulyanova ◽  
R. V. Yakovleva ◽  
G. A. Krasovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
High Solids Content
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