scholarly journals Novel Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N8 and H5N5 Viruses in Denmark, 2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Jakob N. Nissen ◽  
Jesper S. Krog ◽  
Solvej Ø. Breum ◽  
Ramona Trebbien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
History Of ◽  
Migrating Birds ◽  
Unique Genotype

Since late 2020, outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have emerged in Europe. To investigate the evolutionary history of these viruses, we performed genetic characterization on the first HPAI viruses found in Denmark during the autumn of 2020. H5N8 viruses from 14 wild birds and poultry, as well as one H5N5 virus from a wild bird, were characterized by whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The Danish H5N8 viruses were found to be genetically similar to each other and to contemporary European clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses, while the Danish H5N5 virus was shown to be a unique genotype from the H5N5 viruses that circulated at the same time in Russia, Germany, and Belgium. Genetic analyses of one of the H5N8 viruses revealed the presence of a substitution (PB2-M64T) that is highly conserved in human seasonal influenza A viruses. Our analyses showed that the late 2020 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N8 viruses were most likely new incursions introduced by migrating birds to overwintering sites in Europe, rather than the result of continued circulation of H5N8 viruses from previous introductions to Europe in 2016/2017 and early 2020.

scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Parallel evolution in the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Escalera-Zamudio ◽  
Michael Golden ◽  
Bernardo Gutiérrez ◽  
Julien Thézé ◽  
Jeremy Russell Keown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20006-5

scholarly journals Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016–2017

Virology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 512 ◽  
pp. 8-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Takemae ◽  
Ryota Tsunekuni ◽  
Kirill Sharshov ◽  
Taichiro Tanikawa ◽  
Yuko Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals Cottontail rabbits shed clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 163 (10) ◽  
pp. 2823-2827 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jeffrey Root ◽  
Angela M. Bosco-Lauth ◽  
Nicole L. Marlenee ◽  
Richard A. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Specific polyclonal F(ab’)2neutralize a large panel of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (H5N1) and control infection in mice

Immunotherapy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Hélène Herbreteau ◽  
Frédéric Jacquot ◽  
Sareth Rith ◽  
Laurent Vacher ◽  
Ludovic Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Control Infection ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
Miria Ferreira Criado ◽  
Lindsay Killmaster ◽  
Md Zulfekar Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Sequences

Abstract Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1–B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Bisset ◽  
Gerard F. Hoyne
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Influenza A

In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.

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